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1st invertebrates were
primitive crustaceans
major grouping of animal kingdom
phyla
Food chain levels
plants/autotrophs -> herbivores -> primary carnivores -> other carnivores
parasitoids oviposit
lay eggs in another bug and let the bug live until babies feed on host from the inside
phylogentic
how things are related to a common ancestor. How they evolved
what did insects evolve from
terrestrial arthropod
insect classification is based on
morphology and molecular data
Homology
when body parts look alike because are derived from a common ancestor
peferred way to classify bugs
homology
Homoplasy
when body parts look alike because of convergent evolution (did not evolve the same way)
monophyletic taxon
group of species that share a common ancestor (based off of homology)
polyphiletic taxon
do not share a common ancestor (based off of homoplasy)
Arthropod features
chitinous cuticle, segmental paired legs, body segments groups into tagmata
tagmata
can see body segments (like a shrimp)
chitinous cuticle
exoskeleton outside of body
segmental paired legs
legs in each segment of body (can see joints)
amber
tree sap where bugs get stuck and can't get out
5 factors contributing to insect success
small size, cuticle, efficient nervous system, flight, high reproductive rate
spiracles
openings on side which allow them to get oxygen
tracheal system starts at the
spiracles
cuticle
exoskeleton
apodemes
muscles attach internally to extensions of the internal cuticle
haemolymph
insect blood
sclerotization
hardness
CNS located
ventrally (outside of the body)
main nerve is
dorsal (inside your spine)
blood brain barrier
separates blood and brain so fluids cannot go through the nerve
Apterous
wingless
terous
wings
most insects are [apterous/terous]. .6% are [apterous/terous]
apterous, terous
palaeopterans
old primitive wings (do not fold)
neopterans
wings that can fold (bees, flies, beetles)
endite
inside, muscles attached on the inside and extensions go on the outside
exite
extensions that go on the outside
paranotal theory
wings develop from the outgrowths of nota
Endite-Exite theory
wings develops from exites of primitive leg segments
naiad
immature aquatic insect that engage in Hemdi
Hemdi
looks like parent
metabolis metamorphosis
change in physical form and appearance
holometabolis
does not look like parent
nymph
immature insect (not in water) that does not change greatly as it grows
wolbachia
bacteria inherited that causes alterations in reproductive system in insects
microbiome
all of the microorganisms that live inside us (gut and on skin)
The endosymbiosis theory
explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
mutualism
when 2 insects interact with an organism and both benefit
symbiotic protists
live with other larger organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship.
Buchnera
convert common phloem amino acids into essential amino acids
Bacteriome
the bug protects the bacteria and in exchange the bacteria provide essential vitamins and amino acids to the host insect
etomophetera muscae
infects female which makes her look sexy and when male mates he is now infected. this changes behavior making them perch higher and when they are gaseous it infects more insects than normal
1st insects were
saprophagous
Galls
Abnormal plant growths caused by insects
insects are afraid of
desiccating drying out
trichomes
"hairs" of plant. When insects touch them it will break down their tissues
insects are organized in 3 tagmata
head, thorax, abdomen
head has ___ function
sensory function
thorax has ___
motile function
abdoment has ___
digestive, reproductive, and excretory organs
how many segments are in the head
6
name of upper lip
labrum
name of lower lip
maxillae
thorax has ___ segments and is the ___ center
3, locomotion
wings are in what sections
2nd and 3rd
each individual eye is called
ommatidia
what organ lets insects hear
located in what areas?
tympanal
legs, abdomen, antennae, or wings
can smell and taste through
and in what areas?
cemo-receptors
mouths, antennae, and legs
what do insects smell with
located where?
olfactory sensible
antennae
apolysis
when the old cuticle separates from the underlying epidermal cells
ecdysis
the shedding of the old cuticle
