Universe Theories and Earth's Systems Overview

Big Bang Theory

The universe started from a single point and expanded.

Redshift

Light shifting as objects move away, proving expansion.

CMBR

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation; the first light after the Big Bang.

Georges Lemaître

Proposed the Big Bang Theory.

Edwin Hubble

Observed redshift in galaxies.

Cyclic Universe Theory

The universe expands and contracts in cycles.

Steady State Theory

The universe is eternal and always expanding with new matter.

Nebular Hypothesis

Explains the formation of the solar system.

Inner rocky planets

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.

Gas giants

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Earth

A type of celestial body known as a planet.

Geology

The study of the Earth.

Earth's crust

Made of rocks and minerals.

Biosphere

Includes all living things.

Hydrosphere

Includes all bodies of water.

Atmosphere

Includes all gases around Earth.

Lithosphere

The solid land and crust of the Earth.

Evaporation

Liquid turning into gas.

Condensation

Gas turning into liquid.

Precipitation

Water falling from the sky (e.g., rain).

Infiltration

Water seeping into the ground.

Transpiration

Plants releasing water vapor into the air.

Main gas in the atmosphere

Nitrogen.

Troposphere

Layer of the atmosphere that has weather.

Stratosphere

Layer that has the ozone layer.

Ozone layer

Blocks harmful UV radiation.

Magnetic field

Protects Earth from solar wind.

Layers of the atmosphere

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.

Earth's four oceans

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic.

Earth's surface

Mostly water.

Lithosphere composition

Solid land.

Redshift indication

Galaxies are moving away.

Transpiration definition

Water vapor released by plants.

Types of planets

Rocky planets, Gas giants.

Earth subsystems

Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Lithosphere.

Water cycle processes

Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration, Transpiration.

Subsystem interactions

Atmosphere ↔ Hydrosphere, Biosphere ↔ Lithosphere, Atmosphere ↔ Biosphere.