PSYC100 Abnormal Psych

Flashcards based on the lecture notes covering personality models (Freud, Jung, Erikson), social psychology experiments (Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo), economic psychology, and clinical psychology disorders and treatments.

Personality

The unique and relatively stable combination of qualities that makes a person different from others, encompassing their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior.

Id

The instinctual part of the mind that emerges in infancy and operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate satisfaction of needs.

Ego

The component of the mind that acts as a moderator between the Id and the Superego, attempting to balance their conflicting demands.

Superego

The part of the mind influenced by others that develops over time, functioning as a "rule follower" and generating feelings of guilt and shame.

Pleasure Principle

The instinctual drive to seek satisfaction as quickly as possible.

Libido

The sexual energy that Sigmund Freud believed drove human personality.

Fixations

Stuck points or unresolved conflicts that occur during an individual's development.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious psychological mechanisms that arise to protect an individual from something unacceptable or potentially harmful.

Repression

A defense mechanism that pushes threatening thoughts or information into the unconscious mind.

Reaction Formation

A defense mechanism where a person expresses the exact opposite of what they actually feel.

Sublimation

Channeling frustration or unacceptable impulses toward a different, potentially healthy or unhealthy, goal.

Collective Unconscious

A concept by Carl Jung suggesting that all of humanity shares a consciousness composed of experiences across time.

Archetypes

Universal images, myths, and characters inherited from ancestral experiences that shape personality according to Carl Jung.

Individuation

The process of integrating the conscious and unconscious mind to create a "whole person."

Animis vs. Anima

The opposite aspects of a person representing masculine and feminine qualities.

Self-actualization

The innate drive for individuals to reach their full potential by becoming creative, fully functioning, and living in congruence with their self-concept.

Unconditional Positive Regard

A concept by Carl Rogers describing a method of helping others reach self-actualization through total acceptance.

Locus of Control

A concept considering how much of the world requires an individual's effort ($Internal$) versus what naturally occurs without planning ($External$).

Neuroticism

One of the "Big Five" traits characterized by a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, or emotional instability.

Conscientiousness

The level of self-discipline, organization, and carefulness in a person's behavior; high scores indicate diligence and reliability.

Barnum Effect

The tendency for individuals to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality, such as horoscopes.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate internal dispositional influences on others' behavior while underestimating external situational factors.

Self-Serving Bias

Attributing successful outcomes to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external causes.

Out-Group Homogeneity

The tendency to view individuals in a social group to which one does not belong as being very similar to each other.

Adaptive Conservatism

An evolutionary model suggesting humans naturally trust those who are familiar and distrust those who are different for survival benefits.

Contact Theory

The idea that increased contact between different groups will result in a lessening of hostility.

Conflict Theory

A view of society as a struggle between groups competing for power and resources, where dominant groups maintain control by exploiting others.

Robber’s Cave Experiment

A study by Muzafer Sherif involving $22$ boys that demonstrated how competition creates intergroup conflict and shared goals can resolve it.

Cognitive Dissonance

The psychological tension experienced when holding inconsistent cognitions, leading individuals to change thoughts or justify behaviors to reduce discomfort.

Anchoring Effect

A cognitive bias where an individual makes judgments based on an initial reference point or "anchor."

Endowment Effect

A bias where people place a higher value on items they own compared to identical items they do not own due to loss aversion.

Anhedonia

A symptom of Major Depressive Disorder characterized by the inability to feel pleasure or a loss of interest in activities.

Rumination

The repetitive thinking or dwelling on negative feelings, distress, and their causes and consequences.

Chemical Imbalance Theory

The unsupported theory that depression is caused by low serotonin levels; SSRIs actually increase serotonergic activity rather than just the amount of serotonin.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected, repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms like chest pain or dizziness.

Schizophrenia

A type of psychosis involving hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) and delusions (false beliefs).

Insight Oriented Therapy

Psychotherapy categories like Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic therapy that aim to help patients gain self-awareness.