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Two important motor nuclei, the substantia nigra and the ____ nucleus, are contained within the ____.
a. raphe; telencephalon
b. oculomotor; diencephalon
c. red; midbrain
d. caudate; brainstem
c. red; midbrain
Which portion of the body is represented most medially in the somatosensory cortex?
a. thumb
b. lip
c. hand
d. leg
d. leg
Phantom limb pain is an example of ____ pain.
a. psychosomatic
b. neuropathic
c. naturopathic
d. intractable
b. neuropathic
The canals of the cochlea are filled with
a. fluid
b. otoliths
c. ampullae
d. air
a. fluid
A fifth taste, called ____, is apparently mediated by a type of ____.
a. umami; metabotropic glutamate receptor
b. edamame; ligand-gated Na+ channel
c. edamame; GABA receptors
d. umami; ligand-gated Na+ channel
a. umami; metabotropic glutamate receptor
A complex set of commands to muscles that established before a behavior starts is called
a. motor plan
b. closed-loop program
c. temporary paralysis
d. ballistic event
a. motor plan
Thick and thin filaments of muscles are made up of
a. actin and myosin
b. synergists and antagonists
c. fast and slow fibers
d. intrafusal and extrafusal fibers
a. actin and myosin
Evidence of the effect of an enriched experience on the rat brain is
a. increased dendritic branching
b. more oblique dendrites
c. fewer dendritic terminals
d. apical dominance among dendrites
a. increased dendritic branching
In the ____ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional spotlight.
a. divided attention
b. peripheral spatial cuing
c. sustained-attention
d. attentional blink
c. sustained-attention
Which structure has been shown to be involved in sustained attention?
a. basal ganglia and lateral geniculate nucleus
b. frontal cortex and basal ganglia
c. lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus
d. superior colliculus
c. lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus
The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are
a. eccentric
b. concentric
c. complex
d. hypercomplex
b. concentric
Which type of cells give rise to brain tumors?
a. glial cells
b. multipolar cells
c. granule cells
d. pyramidal cells
a. glial cells
Fibers that carry info away from the brain are called ____, whereas fibers that carry info towards the brain are called ____.
a. output zones; input zones
b. cranial nerves, spinal nerves
c. sensory nerves, motor nerves
d. efferents, afferents
d. efferents, afferents
Damage to the locus coeruleus would result in decreased production of
a. dopamine
b. norepinephrine
c. acetylcholine
d. serotonin
b. norepinephrine
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve
a. movement of materials through bloodstream
b. voluntary control
c. specialized receptor molecules
d. all-or-none impulses
c. specialized receptor molecules
Which of the following is most important in determining whether an adult male rat and a female rat will mate?
a. size of the female
b. willingness of the female
c. size of the male
d. assertiveness of the male
b. willingness of the female
Which statement regarding gene expression is true?
a. gene expression in vertebrates is predetermined result of mitotic lineages
b. environmental factors, including experience, affect gene expression and thus cell differentiation
c. in vertebrates, gene expression in neural cells is independent of signals from the external environment
d. gene expression and cell differentiation in C. elegans is regulated by cell-cell interactions
b. environmental factors, including experience, affect gene expression and thus cell differentiation
Typically, human patients with bilateral damage to the amygdala show a marked impairment in the ability to recognize expressions of ___ in other people.
a. sadness
b. pleasure
c. fear
d. anger
c. fear
Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with ___.
a. OCD
b. schizophrenia
c. depression
d. panic
b. schizophrenia
Which technique could be used to determine whether the receptors of a particular hormone are located in a specific type of cell?
a. both immunocytochemistry and autoradiography
b. immunocytochemistry
c. autoradiography
d. radioimmunoassay
a. both immunocytochemistry and autoradiography
For most senses, the sensory pathway...
a. passes through the thalamus
b. ends at the spinal cord
c. goes directly to its designated area of cortex
d. passes through the temporal cortex
a. passes through the thalamus
The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as
a. tonic receptors
b. specific nerve energy
c. labeled lines
d. adaptation
d. adaptation
According to the range fractionation hypothesis
a. multiple nerve cells in a particular sensory system have approximately the same threshold
b. specific nerve cells can act as specialists in particular segments of an intensity scale
c. multiple sensory cells respond to exactly the same range of stimulus energies
d. a large group of nerve cells can only respond to a small range of stimulus intensities
b. specific nerve cells can act as specialists in particular segments of an intensity scale
The translation of stimulus energy into nerve cell impulses is called
a. filtration
b. coding
c. analgesia
d. masking
b. coding
The generator potential produced by a Pacinian corpuscle in response to mechanical stimulation is
a. hyperpolarizing
b. greater than 0
c. all-or-none
d. proportional to the stimulus intensity
d. proportional to the stimulus intensity
The brain can differentiate between each sensory modality because
a. the APs, sent along the same nerve tract, get sorted by the thalamus
b. each sensory input, passing through the same lines, triggers APs in a different pattern
c. the APs for each one is sent along separate nerve tracts
d. each sense uses different NTs
c. the APs for each one is sent along separate nerve tracts
Most sensory fibers do not fire more than
a. 1200 impulses per second
b. 1200 impulses per minute
c. once per second
d. 10 impulses per second
a. 1200 impulses per second
The term "adequate stimulus" refers to
a. the type of stimulus for which a given sensory system is particularly adapted
b. radio-frequency signals
c. the lowest level of a stimulus that elicits a response
d. a highly reliable stimulus
a. the type of stimulus for which a given sensory system is particularly adapted
Cortical neurons that respond to info from more than one sensory modality are know as
a. association cortex neurons
b. polymodal cells
c. hypercomplex cells
d. Betz cells
b. polymodal cells
Descending fibers from the brainstem directly ____ dorsal horn cells that transmit ____ info.
a. inhibit; motor
b. stimulate; motor
c. stimulate; pain
d. inhibit; pain
d. inhibit; pain
Afferent fibers from the periphery carry nociceptive info to the dorsal horn neurons, whose axons immediately
a. cross the midline and the ascend
b. cross the midline and terminate in the midbrain, which then mediates vocalizations, perception, and other pain-related behaviors
c. ascend to the brainstem where pain info crosses the midline before synapsing in the thalamus
d. directly stimulate the cingulate cortex
a. cross the midline and the ascend
Which substance is NOT important in mediating pain perception?
a. substance P
b. natriuretic polypeptide B
c. serotonin
d. histamine
b. natriuretic polypeptide B
A dermatome
a. overlaps with other dermatomes
b. is an area on the skin that send inputs to the same dorsal root of the spinal cord as other dermatomes
c. is innervated by peripheral nerves and does not overlap with other dermatomes
d. is innervated by multiple spinal nerves
a. overlaps with other dermatomes
The dorsal column system crosses to the contralateral side of the nervous system at the level of the
a. cerebral cortex
b. thalamus
c. spinal cord
d. medulla
d. medulla
Which skin receptors are especially sensitive to stretching of the skin?
a. Messiner's corpuscles
b. Ruffini's endings
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Merkel's discs
b. Ruffini's endings
The receptive fields of ____ are large and have vague borders.
a. Messiner's corpuscles
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. Merkel's discs
d. free nerve ending
b. Pacinian corpuscles
Which receptors are fast-adapting?
a. Messiner's corpuscles and Markel's discs
b. Merkel's discs and Ruffini's ednings
c. Messiner's and Pacinian corpuscles
d. Ruffini's endings and Painian corpuscles
c. Messiner's and Pacinian corpuscles
Stimulation of the ____ are can induce ____.
a. thalamus; analgesia
b. periaqueductal grey; analgesia
c. periaqueductal gray; pain
d. thalamus; pain
b. periaqueductal grey; analgesia
The decibel scale is a measurement
a. of change in sound
b. of sound frequency
c. of sound pressure
d. relative to the sound of a whisper
c. of sound pressure
Fluid builds up in the middle ear of children born with cleft palates. This condition
a. does not affect hearing, fluid conducts sound
b. irreparably damages the cochlea, so these children will need cochlear implants
c. dampens auditory sensations because it restricts movement of the tympanic membrane
d. distorts hearing because it makes the ossicles move more freely
c. dampens auditory sensations because it restricts movement of the tympanic membrane
The stapes connects to the
a. round window
b. oval window
c. tympanic membrane
d. malleus
b. oval window
There are about ____ inner hair cells in the human ear.
a. 3500
b. 7500
c. 12500
d. 1500
a. 3500
The mechanical responses of the outer hair cells appear to fine-tune the organ of Corti and
a. help discriminate frequencies
b. help determine loudness
c. amplify sound
d. modify sound intensity
a. help discriminate frequencies
The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals by
a. otoliths
b. the cochlear microphonic
c. hair cells
d. ossicles
c. hair cells
Several regions of the auditory cortex show ____ mapping.
a. tomographic
b. topographic
c. tonotopic
d. tonic
c. tonotopic
Cortical processing of the "what" aspects of sound appears to be accomplished by a ____ stream of processing involving the ____ lobe.
a. dorsal; frontal
b. ventral; occipital
c. ventral; temporal
d. dorsal; parietal
c. ventral; temporal
Which structure is NOT part of the vestibular system?
a. utricle
b. saccule
c. semicircular canals
d. eustachian tube
d. eustachian tube
____ are located on the sides of the tongue.
a. circumvallate papillae
b. foliate papillae
c. turbinate papillae
d. fungiform papillae
b. foliate papillae
If you accidentally eat a toxic substance, you probably will detect a ____ taste.
a. salty
b. sour
c. sweet
d. bitter
d. bitter
Taste info is reported to the brain via ____ cranial nerve(s).
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. one
b. three
Outputs from the olfactory bulb do NOT make synaptic connections to the
a. hypothalamus
b. prepyriform cortex
c. amygdala
d. thalamus
d. thalamus
Each olfactory receptor is a
a. bipolar cell w. a fine, unmyelinated axon
b. small multipolar cell w. fine, unmyelinated axon
c. bipolar cell w. myelinated axon
d. small multipolar cell w. myelinated axon
a. bipolar cell w. a fine, unmyelinated axon
It is estimated that there are about ____ different odorant receptor genes in the human genome.
a. 1000
b. 100
c. 100000
d.10000
a. 1000
If gustducin were discovered in cells located in the lungs, we would suspect that these cells were involved with
a. detecting the taste of food
b. releasing ghrelin
c. regulating insulin levels
d. protecting the body from microbes
d. protecting the body from microbes
Although humans don't appear to have a functional vomeronasal organ, we do appear to be able to detect pheromones. The detection of pheromones probably occurs via
a. the accessory olfactory system
b. taste receptors in the nasal pathways
c. the olfactory system
d. the gustatory system
c. the olfactory system
The vomeronasal system appears to specialize in detecting
a. phonemes
b. phosphenes
c. pheromones
d. photons
c. pheromones
A high innervation ratio characterizes
a. slow fibers
b. control of coarse movement
c. a state of near paralysis
d. control of fine movements
b. control of coarse movement
Muscles that act together are called
a. reciprocals
b. muscle fibers
c. antagonists
d. synergists
d. synergists
Animal models for myasthenia gravis can be produced by
a. suppressing the animal's immune system
b. giving animals antibodies that attack Ach receptors
c. injecting animals with toxins that block NMJ
d. tiring the animal out on a perpetual treadmill
b. giving animals antibodies that attack Ach receptors
Stretch of a muscle first activates
a. spinal motoneruons
b. slow motor fibers
c. muscle spindles
d. gamma efferents
c. muscle spindles
The ____ of spinal reflexes can be modulated by descending projections from the brain.
a. none of the above
b. facilitation, but not inhibition
c. inhibition, but not facilitation
d. inhibition or facilitation
d. inhibition or facilitation
In rats with spinal cord cuts, transplanting ____ into the cuts leads to the regeneration of corticospinal axons and some restoration of motor function.
a. ensheathing cells of the olfactory bulb
b. olfactory neurons
c. fetal motor neurons
d. undifferentiated epithelial cells
a. ensheathing cells of the olfactory bulb
Nonprimary motor areas are especially active
a. when learning to move a robotic arm
b. following the execution of reflexes
c. following the completion of learned movements
d. while rehearsing a movement without executing it
d. while rehearsing a movement without executing it
In general, species that have large cerebellums tend to display ____ motor behavior.
a. complex
b. open-loop
c. accurate
d. rapid
a. complex
The difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia is
a. retrograde amnesia is usually complete, whereas anterograde amnesia usually affects only hours or days before an accident.
b. anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember things that happened before the brain damage, whereas retrograde amnesia is the inability to acquire new skills after an injury.
c. retrograde amnesia can affect memories that were formed up to a year before an injury, whereas anterograde amnesia can affect memory formation after an injury.
d. retrograde amnesia affects autobiographical memories, whereas anterograde amnesia does not
c. retrograde amnesia can affect memories that were formed up to a year before an injury, whereas anterograde amnesia can affect memory formation after an injury.
The delayed non-matching-to-sample test is a measure of ____ memory.
a. object recognition
b. verbal
c. perceptual skill
d. spatial location
a. object recognition
Episodic memory concerns
a. autobiographical information
b. general knowledge
c. non-declarative information
d. semantic information
a. autobiographical information
Entorhinal neurons that fire selectively when an animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract map of the local environment are ____ cells.
a. border
b. place
c. intersection
d. grid
d. grid
In the hippocampus, commissural fibers carry information from the
a. entorhinal cortex
b. other hippocampus
c. cerebellum
d. subiculum
b. other hippocampus
Experiments involving rats solving mazes have deonstrated the concept of
a. cognitive maps
b. iconic memory
c. instrumental learning
d. cell assemblies
a. cognitive maps
In the formation of LTP, the entry of Ca2+ ions into the neuron activates ____, which are enzymes that ____ the activity of intracellular proteins.
a. adenylate cyclases; alter
b. adenylate cyclases; block
c. protein kinases; block
d. protein kinases; alter
d. protein kinases; alter
Evidence indicates that working for object recognition is related especially to the
a. amygdala
b. caudate nucleus
c. hippocampus
d. extrastriate visual cortex
d. extrastriate visual cortex
Main inputs to the hippocampal formation come via the
a. subiculum
b. perforant pathway
c. Shaffer collaterals
d. mossy fibers
b. perforant pathway
In early selection models of attention, perceptual analysis and semantic meaning occur
a. before sensory registration
b. before the attentional bottleneck
c. after the attentional bottleneck
d. after awareness
c. after the attentional bottleneck
Which type of cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target?
a. wrong
b. neutral
c. valid
d. invalid
c. valid
Reflexive attention is also called
a. stimulus cuing
b. endogenous attention
c. exogenous attention
d. symbolic cuing
c. exogenous attention
"Inhibition of return" refers to
a. impaired detection of stimuli at the former location of the task-irrelevant cue
b. the conscious inhibition of the feature search in a previously attended spatial location
c. the search for a sought-after item
d. the "popping out" of a task-irrelevant item
a. impaired detection of stimuli at the former location of the task-irrelevant cue
Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?
a. endogenous
b. subconscious
c. conscious
d. exogenous
c. conscious
Which structure guides attentional eye movements?
a. superior colliculus
b. intraparietal sulcus
c. pulvinar
d. lateral geniculate nucleus
a. superior colliculus
The frontal eye field and IPS make up the cortical network called the
a. dorsal frontoparietal system
b. cortical attention network (CAN)
c. dorsoparietal junction
d. temporoparietal system
a. dorsal frontoparietal system
Two of the main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the ____ and ____ areas.
a. sensory; motor
b. motor; premotor
c. dorsolateral; mediolateral
d. dorsolateral; orbitofrontal
d. dorsolateral; orbitofrontal
In most split-brain humans, words presented to the left visual field
a. can be written down
b. cannot be repeated verbally
c. can be spelled backwards
d. can be repeated accurately
b. cannot be repeated verbally
The right-ear advantage for speech sounds is evident with simultaneous presentation of
a. adverbs
b. prepositions
c. vowel sounds
d. consonants
d. consonants
Which influence has been proposed as an evolutionary pressure favoring hemispheric asymmetry and specialization?
a. right-ear advantage for speech sounds
b. greater activation of left hemisphere blood flow
c. differential use of the limbs
d. hormonal effects of the cerebral cortical asymmetry
c. differential use of the limbs
Astereognosis is the
a. failure of binaural hearing
b. complete numbness of the fingers and hand
c. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation
d. inability to recognize faces
c. inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation
Patients with aphasia sometimes produce entirely new, nonsensical words called
a. nonfluent speech items
b. neologisms
c. agarphisms
d. anomias
b. neologisms
Which symptom is NOT associated with aphasic patients?
a. confabulations
b. neologisms
c. paraphasia
d. apraxia
a. confabulations
The angular gyrus links the
a. auditory region and Wernicke's area
b. visual region and Wernicke's area
c. interhemispheric regions
d. auditory and visual regions
b. visual region and Wernicke's area
Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of ____ months.
a. 12
b. 7
c. 18
d. 1
b. 7
Brain regions of nonhuman primates in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalization seems to be those involved in
a. fine sensory analysis of acoustic information
b. delicate control of all musculature
c. defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors
d. higher-order cognitive functions
c. defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors
Which statement about childhood aphasia is most true?
a. childhood aphasia and adult aphasia have similar recovery patterns
b. language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood
c. the brain's ability to compensate for loss due to damage increases progressively with age
d. aphasia produced by childhood brain injury is severe and permanent
b. language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood
Movement of the eyes is controlled by the ____ muscles.
a. ciliary
b. orbital
c. extraocular
d. lentiform
c. extraocular
There are about ____ million cones in the human eye.
a. 20
b. 4
c. 1
d. 100
b. 4
The capture of one photon of light in a photorecptor can block the entry of ____ Na+ ion(s).
a. hundreds of thousands of
b. thousands of
c. one
d. millions of
d. millions of
If the optic radiations were cut, which structure(s) would lose light information?
a. superior colliculus and pulvinar
b. primary visual cortex
c. superior colliculus and primary visual cortex
d. lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex
b. primary visual cortex
A point of light in the upper left of the visual field projects onto the ____ part of the retina.
a. lower right
b. lower left
c. upper right
d. upper left
a. lower right
The process that enhances the boundaries of visual object is called
a. edge detection
b. lateral inhibition
c. spectral opponency
d. spatial frequency filtration
b. lateral inhibition
The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about ____ whereas the ventral stream of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about ____.
a. where; what
b. who; when
c. what; where
d. when; who
a. where; what
Mirror neurons were first observed in the ____ of a monkey that was observing motor movements performed by another monkey.
a. premotor cortex
b. basal ganglia
c. primary motor cortex
d. supplementary motor area
a. premotor cortex
Cortical area V4 has many cells that respond preferentially to
a. concentric and radial stimuli
b. motion of complex forms
c. motion
d. moving bars of light
a. concentric and radial stimuli
Flashcard (21)