APHG Unit 2 CED Vocabulary - Population + Migration

population distribution

the pattern of people scattered over an area

population density

the number of people within a given area

human factors

culture, economics, history, politics

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

ecumene

the habitable parts of the world

population density

measure of total population relative to land size

arithmetic population density

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area

physiologic population density

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

agricultural population density

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

population pyramid

provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods/services

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

birth rate

number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

replacement fertility level

2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)

mortality (death) rate

number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

infant mortality rate

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

child mortality rate

number of deaths of between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)

maternal mortality rate

number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)

migration

involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale

emigration (out migration)

describes movement out of a particular place

immigration (in migration)

describes movement to a particular place

natural increase

birth rate minus death rate

population doubling time

the length of time for a population to double in size

Demographic Transition Model

describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time

epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)

increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate

population explosion

the very great and continuing increase in human population in modern times

Thomas Malthus (1798)

argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die

Ester Boserup (1965)

theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure

pro-natalist population policies

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations: Japan, Singapore, Denmark, Germany, Italy

anti-natalist population policies

policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have

immigration policies

policies that address the movement of persons across borders

Ravenstein's laws of migration (1885)

every migration flow generates a return migration flow, most migrants move a short distance, migrants who, move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations, most migrants are from rural areas, migration is caused mostly by economic reasons

population aging

determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy

life expectancy

average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies within countries, cities, ethnicities, sexes, and between MDCs and LDCs

aging population

an increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates/rising life expectancy

dependency ratio

a measure of the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population

pull factors (migration)

characteristics that attract a person to a place

push factors (migration)

characteristics that make a person want to leave a place

intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

intervening obstacle

an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating

genocide

premeditated effort to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, religious group e.g. Rwanda, Holocaust, Cambodia

ethnic cleansing

the effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide, e.g. former Yugoslavia

forced migration

an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

refugee

individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

asylum seeker

individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country

internally displaced person (internal refugee)

individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety

voluntary migration

an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors

transnational migration

migration across national boundaries

internal migration

migration within national boundaries

transhumance

seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture

chain migration

immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination.

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)

guest workers

a person with temporary permission to work in another country (e.g. migrant labor)

rural to urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes two things to happen; increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban areas

Rust Belt

area in the upper Midwest that had been an industrial powerhouse, but lost much of their economic base to other parts of the country and other parts of the world

Sun Belt

the states in the South and West Coast where in the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of white, middle-class Americans moved from older northeastern and Midwestern cities