UTS L1

SOCRATES

"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing"

"An unexamined life is not worth living.”

• ultimate goal of humans is to highest form of knowledge

• hindrance of this is narcissist

• Know Thyself (to get to know, understand and appreciate who u are)

• Question Everything

• Only the Pursuit of Goodness Bring Happiness (be knowledgeable)

• Socratic Method: Question and Answer

• Leads us to think for ourselves.

PLATO

"The first and greatest victory is to

conquer yourself”

"For a man to conquer himself is the fiest and noblest of all victories"

• he believes in concept of duality

• divided into body and soul

• body is mortal one, soul is the immortal

soul is composed of three parts

TRIPARTITE SOUL

rational part

• The Rational part desires to exert reason and attain rational decisions (RULING CLASS)

• symbolizes the mind represents ruling class

• think, analyze of any given situation

• always superior, thinking what’s beneficial for un

• the mind

spirited part

• The Spirited part desires supreme honor (MILITARY CLASS)

• symbolizes the heart, represents the military class

• emotion

appetite part

• The Appetite part of the soul desires bodily pleasures such as food, drink, sex, etc. (COMMONER)

• symbolizes the stomach represents commoner

• which is the heart in the appetite, appetite to feel pleasure.

according to plato, knowledge is inborn.

• in born knowledge. after life, true knowledge will disappear from paradise

• there is a way to regain that knowledge by constant remembering through contemplation. doing good, he can regain his former perfections.

• central feature - happiness

• According to Plato, man was omniscient before he came to be born to this world. With his separation from the paradise of truth and knowledge and his long exile on earth, he forgot most of the knowledge he had.

Aristotle

“knowing yourself id the beginning of all wisdom”

“happiness depends in ourselves”

• know yourself

• to attain happiness, know yourself.

• happiness is dependent on ourselves

• happiness is subjective

• hapiness is subjective, dependent in an individual virtues.

• Contributed the foundation of both symbolic logic and scientific thinking

• The best way to gain knowledge was through "natural philosophy," which is what we would now call science.

• Happiness, which is dependent in an individual's virtues, is the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself.

St. Augustine

“'The treath is like a lion. You don't have to defend it. Let it lose. It will defend itself.”

• religious

• reciprocates whatever ur energy is (reciprocation)

• ultimate goal is follow God’s commandments

• evil if u are against God’s commandments

• An important figure in the development of Western Christianity

• His philosophy of man brings together wisdom of the Greek philosophy and the divine truths contained in the scripture.

• The absolute and immutable is the Living God, the Creator of the entire universe.

• To love God means to love one's fellowmen, and to love one's fellowmen means never to do any harm to another.

RENE DESCARTES

“I doubt therefore I think, I think therefore I am.” he questioned “how can i proved that I am really existing?”

“the fact that i am doubting, cannot be anymore open to doubt.”

• father of modern philosophy

• about thinking

• self is defined as a subject that thinks

• self can only find its truth and authenticity within its own capacity to think.

• The self that has full competence in the powers of human reason.

• Having distanced the self from all sources of truth from authority and tradition, the self can only find its truth and authenticity within its own capacity to think.

JOHN LOCKE

“no man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience.”

“our concept of personal identity must derive from inner experiences.”

• about inner experience

• Personal identity is a matter of psychological

  continuity.

• tabula rasa - empty mind

• personal identity ( or the self ) is founded on consciousness

• identity overtime is fixed by awareness of the past

• tabula rasa shaped by experience, sensation, reflection being the sources of all our ideas

• Locke posits an "empty" mind, a tabula rasa, which is shaped by experience, and sensations and reflections being the two sources of all our ideas.

• continuous process for personality

• frontal lobe develop at the age of 28

DAVID HUME

“ a wise man proportion his belief to the evidence.”

“the self is a bundle of impressions.”

• self is not a fixed or unified entity but rather a bundle of creating impressions and perceptions

• a person’s personality, feelings, thoughts and emotions can change overtime

• personality is unstable, nagbabago everytime

IMMANUEL KANT

“to be is to do”

“rule for happiness: something to do, something to love, something to hope for

• one of philosophers that difficult to understand

• impactful philosophy

• what to experience and what we cannot

• Kant argued that we can only have knowledge about what we experience

• transidential

• He rejects the notion of identity over time.

• There are no "persons" that continue to exist over

  time, there are merely impressions.

• The things you are thinking about towards yourself are individual impressions or perceptions of towards

  you.

• Consciousness .

• INTERNAL SELF - transcendental self is the inner self, is the one who thinks and make sense of experiences.

• is the rational one. it is not observable

• the process of the mind is not observable

• ex. who am I? thats your inner self

• self is memory and imagination

• EXTERNAL SELF - outer self - observable

• actions and body, personality and emotions.

SIGMUND FREUD

“the child is the father of the man.”

• Personality is determined by childhood experiences.

• no late game to change.

• deterministic

• personality is unconscious,

• structure of the self

• ID - appetite part of the soul

• EGO - rational part of the soul

• Super ego - spirited part of the soul

• ID - pag may gusto, makuha agad. self centered. ( ex. infant pag gutom, iiyak lang unless padedein na ) (demon one)

• EGO - reality principle, excutive branch of the self - nakaka acknowledge sa consequences ng actions (tayo since tayo ang nagdedecide)

• SUPER EGO - morality principle, is doing what is good ( angel one )

GILBERT RYLE

“i made it, and so I am.”

• mind and body they’re one and the same.

• rejects the theory that mental states are separable from physical states (from Descartes)

• bundles of behaviors caused by physical working of the body

• just reacting through physical works

• Rejects the theory that mental states are separable

  from physical states.

• He argued that philosophers do not need a "hidden" principle to explain the supra-mechanical capacities of humans, because the workings of the mind are not distinct from the actions of the body, but are one and

  the same.

• His form of Philosophical Behaviorism (the belief that all mental phenomena can be explained by reference to publicly observable behavior) became a standard view

  for several decades. He concluded that adequate descriptions of human behavior need never refer to anything but the

  operations of human bodies.

MAURICE MERLEAU PONTY

“the body is to be compared, not to a physical object, but rather to a work of art.”

• existentialism is purpose in life

• shaped by our purpose in life

• mind n body are interconnected (against Descartes too)

His work is commonly associated with the philosophical movement called existentialism and its intention to begin with an analysis of the concrete experiences, perceptions, and

difficulties, of human existence. • Our perception of the self is a collection of our perceptions of our outside world.