A & P I Lab Practical Exam 2

Muscle Characteristics

Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity

Skeletal Muscle Terms

Muscles of Fascicles of Muscle Fibers

Fascia- connect fascicles, blood vessels, & nerves/connect to tendons

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Sarco-lemma = membrane

Sarco-plasm = cytoplasm

-Myo-fibrils of myo-filaments in the sarco-plasm

—Sarco-mere of thick & thin filaments

-sarco-plasmic reticulum store calcium ions/surround myo-filaments

—terminal cisternae = ends

—transverse tubules AKA t-tubules = connect terminal cisternae to cell surface

Motor Units & Muscle Action

Motor Unit = 1 motor neuron + muscle cells

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Not all activated at same time

-adjust contraction strength

—More = stronger force

-protect against fatigue

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Recruitment = activation of additional motor units

-Increase strength & force of contraction

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Central fatigue = CNS & psychological

Peripheral fatigue = neuro-muscular junction issues

-Ca or ATP stores used up

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Grip force = amount of force maintained by squeezing an object as hard as possible

Muscle Contraction Types

Isometric = no change in muscle length

-holding an object without moving

-sarco-mere force = force of load

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Concentric = muscle length shortens

-holding an object & raising it up

-sarco-mere force greater than force of load

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Eccentric = muscle length increases

-holding an object & lowering it

-sarco-mere force less than force of load

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Agonist = primary mover, performing the desired action

Antagonist = opposing action

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Co-activation = when antagonist & agonist are both active

-To perform a controlled movement/stabilize a joint

Joint Movements

Flexion = Decrease angle btw body parts

Extension = Increase angle btw body parts

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Ab-duction = Move away from midline

Ad-duction = Move toward the midline

Axial Skeleton Terms

Axial Skeleton = Skull, vertebra, sacrum, ribs, sternum

Pelvic Curvature = sacrum + coccyx

Inter-vertebral discs = connective tissue btw vertebra

-reduce friction/absorb shock

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Cervical = 7, Thoracic = 12, Lumbar = 5

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Facets = Surfaces where 2 bones articulate

Cervical Vertebrae

Atlas = First

-Articulates with skull & axis/Support skull

-Only vertebrae without a BODY

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Axis = Second

-Shake head

Thoracic Vertebrae

Rib Facets = Found on Body & Transverse processes

-Unique to Thoracic

Lumbar Vertebrae

Articular Processes are CURVED

-Shake hands with each other

—Cervical & Thoracic High Fiving since FLAT

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Inferior Articular forms C with Spinous Process

Vertebrae Terms

Body

Superior Articular Process = Projections above, articulate above

Inferior Articular Process = Projections below, articulate below

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Transverse Process = Project laterally from Body

-Only Cervical have foramen

Spinous Process = Project posteriorly from Body

Vertebral Arch = Where Transverse & Spinous arise from

—Forms vertebral foramen with Body

—Canal = collective of all the vertebrae’s foramens

Sacrum

Body

Median Sacral Crest = Spinous Processes of 5 fused vertebrae

Sacral Canal = Vertebral canal

Auri-cular surface = lateral face of sacrum

-Form joint btw Sacrum & Ilium

Ribs

True Ribs = Directly articulate with sternum via costal cartilage

-1-7

False Ribs = Articulate indirectly or not at all

-8-10 indirectly articulate

-11-12 don’t articulate

—Floating Ribs

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Head = articulates with Thoracic vertebrae via rib facets

Tubercle = Bumpy ridge near head, articulates with transverse process

Body

Angle = Bend of Rib

Sternum

Body

Facets = Where costal cartilage associates to articulate ribs

Manubrium = upper part, above body

Xi-phoid process - projection inferior to body

Abdominal Muscles

Rectus Abdom-inis = Flexion of lumbar

-1 on each side of the midline

-Fibers run up & down on midline

-Linea alba = column of connective tissue connecting left & right

-Attach Xi-phoid Process & Ribs 5-7 to Pubic Crest

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External Oblique = Flexion of torso

-Lateral to Rectus Abdom-inis

-Fibers run \ & / towards midline

-Attach Ribs 5-12 to Pubic Crest, Iliac Crest, & Linea Alba

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Internal Oblique = Flexion of torso

-Lateral to rectus abdom-inis, underneath external oblique

-Fibers run / & \ from ribs to single focal point at hip

-Attach Ribs 10-12 & Linea Alba to Iliac Crest & Thora-columbar fascia

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Transversus Abdom-inis = Rotation of trunk

-Lies below internal oblique

-Fibers run horizontal

-Attach Linea Alba to Lower Ribs & Thora-columbar fascia

Rib Cage Muscles

Attach above & below to Ribs

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External Intercostal Muscles = pull upwards with inhalation

-Fibers run \ & / towards midline

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Internal Intercostal Muscles = pull downwards for exhalation

-Fibers run / & \ towards midline

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Innermost Intercostal Muscles = assist exhalation, pull down

-Fibers run \ & / towards midline

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Diaphragm = dome of muscle

-increases volume of thoracic cavity to help inhalation

-Attach lower ribs to connective tissue of abdominal wall

Erector Spinae

Extension of vertebral column

Fibers run upward along spine to skull

Attaches to Sacrum & Iliac Crest, Spinous/Transverse Vertebrae Processes & Ribs, Mastoid Process on Skull

Sterno-cleido-mastoid

Cervical rotation

Fibers attach mastoid process in skull to clavicle & sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle = Clavicle, Scapula, & Humerus

Brachium = humerus

Antebrachium = ulna & radius

Wrist = carpals

Hand = metacarpals & phalanges

Scapula

Glenoid Cavity/Fossa = Where humerus head articulates

-Supra-glenoid tubercle = upper edge

-Infra-glenoid tubercle = lower edge

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Cora-coid process = Crow’s beak, anterior projection

Acro-mion process = Anterior projection from spine of scapular

-Larger than cora-coid process

Spine

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Sub-scapular fossa = Front of scapula

Supra-spinous fossa = Posterior view, above spine

Infra-spinous fossa = Posterior view, below spine

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Triangle of Scapula

-Superior Border = Top

-Medial = Long Side, Simple

-Lateral = Long Side Connects into process junk

Humerus

Head = smooth round cap, articulates with scapula

Greater Tubercle = larger bump on humerus head

Lesser Tubercle = smaller bump on humerus head

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Nutrient Foramen = holes in shaft, passageway for blood vessels & nerves

Inter-tubercular sulcus AKA Bi-cipital groove = groove btw tubercles, passage

Deltoid tuber-osity = rough region on shaft for muscle attachment

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Capitulum = round smooth structure on distal head, articulates radius

Troch-lea = Angular smooth structure on distal head, articulates ulna

Coro-noid fossa = cavity on anterior of humerus

Ole-cranon fossa = cavity on posterior of humerus

Medial epicondyle = smallish bump near troch-lea

Lateral epicondyle = smallish bump near capitulum

Scapula Movements

Elevation = raise scapula, move upwards

Depression = lower scapula, move downwards

Retraction = Pull scapula to spine, arms behind back

Protraction = Pull scapula away from spine, arms in front

Inferior/Downward Rotation = Arm above head then downwards

Superior/Upward Rotation = Raise your hand

Scapula Muscles

Serr-atus Anterior = Protraction of scapula

-Fibers run horizontally

-Attach medial border of scapula to Ribs 1-9

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Pector-alis Minor = Protraction, Inferior Rotation of scapula

-Fibers run \ & / from scapula focal point to ribs

-Attach cora-coid process to Ribs 3-5

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Rhom-boid Major = Retraction, Elevation of scapula

-Fibers run / & \ towards spine

-Attach T2-T5 spinous process to medial border of scapula starting below spine

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Rhom-boid Minor = Retraction of scapula

-Fibers run / & \ towards spine

-Attach C7-T1 to medial border of scapula near spine

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Levator Scap-ulae = Retraction & Inferior Rotation of scapula

-Fibers run / & \ towards spine

-Attach C1-C4 transverse processes to medial border of scapula above spine

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Trapezius = Elevation, Depression, & Retraction of Scapula

-Superior : Attaches occipital bone & C1-C6 vertebrae to acro-mion process

—Fibers run / & \ towards spine

-Middle: Attaches spinous process of C7 & T1-T3 vertebrae to crest of scapular spine

—Fibers run horizontally from spine, a bit \ & /

-Inferior: Attaches spinous processes of T4-T12 vertebrae to crest of scapular spine

—Fibers run \ & / towards spine

Shoulder Joint

Acro-mio-clavi-cular ligament

Cora-co-acro-mial ligament

Cora-co-clavi-cular ligament

Cora-co-humeral ligament

Capsular ligaments: humerus to scapula

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Glenoid labrum = cartilage strip on glenoid cavity edge

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Shallow = increased mobility, decreased stability

Ball & Socket Joint

Radius

Head = articulates with capitulum of humerus

Radial tuber-osity = large bump below head, points towards ulna

Ulna

Tro-chlear notch = articulates with tro-chlea of humerus, forms C

Ole-cranon process = forms top of C

Coro-noid process = forms bottom of C

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Radial notch = near coro-noid process, points near radius head

Ulnar tuber-osity = Bump near radial tuber-osity

Carpals

8 bones in 2 rows

Metacarpals

5 bones, form palm of hand

Articulate with second row of carpals & phalanges

Phalanges

14 bones AKA pha-lanx

Every bone but thumb have proximal, middle, & distal

-Thumb = Digit I

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Sub-scapularis = Medial rotation of shoulder

-Fibers run from humerus focal point to scapula: /, -, \

-Attaches sub-scapular fossa to lesser tubercle of humerus

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Supra-Spinatus = Abduction of shoulder

-Fibers run \ & / towards spine

-Attaches supra-spinous fossa of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus

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Infra-spinatus = External rotation of shoulder

-Fibers run \ & / towards spine

-Attaches infra-spinous fossa of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus

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Teres minor = Lateral rotation of shoulder

-Fibers run \ & / towards spine

-Attaches lateral border of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus

Upper Arm Muscles

Biceps Brachii = elbow flexion

-Fibers run down arm

-Attach radial tuber-osity of humerus to supra-glenoid tubercle & cora-coid process of scapula

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Brachialis = elbow flexion

-Fibers run down arm

-Attach anterior humerus to ulnar tuber-osity

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Triceps Brachii = elbow extension

-Fibers run down arm

-Attach ole-cranon process of ulna to infra-glenoid tubercle & posterior humerus

Forearm Muscles

Flexor Digit-orum Profundus = hand flexion

-Fibers run down arm

-Attach proximal ¾ of ulna to distal phalanges of digits 2-5

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Extensor Digit-orum = hand extension

-Fibers run down arm

-Attach lateral epicondyle to distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Shoulder/Chest Muscles

Teres Major = Adduction & Medial Rotation of shoulder

-Fibers run \ & / towards spine

-Attaches inferior angle/point of scapula to lesser tubercle of humerus

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Pector-alis Major = Adduction & Internal Rotation of shoulder

-Fibers run \ - / to focal point on humerus

-Attach clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages to greater tubercle of humerus

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Lat-issi-mus Dorsi = Extension, Adduction, & Internal Rotation of shoulder

-Fibers run / & horizonal towards spine from focal point on humerus

-Attaches spinous processes T7-T12, Ribs 9-12, Iliac Crest to inter-tuber-cular groove of humerus

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Deltoid = Anterior is shoulder flexion, Lateral is shoulder abduction, Posterior is shoulder extension

-Fibers run down to focal point on humerus

-Attachment points

—Anterior: Clavicle to deltoid tuber-osity of humerus

—Lateral: Acro-mion process of scapula to deltoid tuber-osity of humerus

—Posterior: Scapular spine to deltoid of tuber-osity of humerus

Os Coxa

3 bones: ilium, ischium & pubis

-Illium = hip bone top, ischium = hip bone bottom, pubis = connector of 2 in middle

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Aceta-bulum = large socket to articulate with head of femur

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Iliac crest = superior edge of ilium

Anterior superior iliac spine = anterior border of crest, top of E

Anterior inferior iliac spine = Inferior to anterior superior spine, projection, inner E

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Iliac fossa = front curved surface of ilium

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Isch-ial tuber-osity = projection from ischium, bottom, below E

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Ob-tur-ator foramen = opening inferior to aceta-bulum

Inferior Ramus of Ischium =projection from ischium, forms ob-tur-ator foramen with inferior ramus of pubis

Inferior Ramus of Pubis = projection from pubis, forms ob-tur-ator foramen with inferior ramus of ischium

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Pubis sym-physis = cartilage joining right & left pubic bones

Sym-physial surface = flat surface on pubic bone, forms sym-physis with other pubic bone

Pubic Crest = edge of pubic bone

Femur

Head = round, articulates with aceta-bulum of os coxa

Greater Tro-chanter = Round, large bony projection above head

Lesser Tro-chanter = smaller bony projection below head

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Gluteal tuber-osity = rough region on superior part of posterior shaft

Linea Aspera = crest line extending below gluteal tuber-osity

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Lateral condyle = smooth round structure that articulates with tibia, outer anterior

Medial condyle = smooth round structure that articulates with tibia, inner anterior

Tibia

Lateral condyle = large bony structure on superior tibia head, outer

Medial condyle = large bony structure on superior tibia head, inner

Tibial tuber-osity = bump between condyles on anterior tibia

Gluteal Muscles

Gluteus Maximus = Abduction of hip

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Gluteus Medius

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Gluteus Minimus

Hamstring Muscles

Semi-membran-osus

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Semi-tendon-osus

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Biceps femoris