Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity

Differential survival

________ and reproduction: Well- adapted individuals survive and reproduce whereas less well- adapted die or fail to reproduce.

Archaeans

________ are found in extreme habitats of salinity /temperature /acidity.

Gametes

________ come from different parents- combination of alleles from two individuals.

Process

________: Resistance gene either formed by mutation or received by another bacterium.

heritable characteristics

Occurs when ________ of a species change.

Speciation

________: Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution.

Natural classification

________: All members of a genus or higher taxon should have a common ancestor.

Progressive change

________: Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics.

● Endemic species

________: one found only in a certain geographical area.

Homologous structures

________: Look superficially different and perform different functions but are similar in structure.

Meiosis

________: New combination of alleles by breaking up existing combinations.

Industrial melanism

________: Dark varieties of light insects are called melanistic.

Vestigial structures

________: structures that have no function and have slowly diminished over time.

● Favourable characteristics

________ are therefore inherited by offspring as they allow their ancestors to survive and reproduce successfully.

G species

● Can be abbreviated to ________ after first use.

O

________ Use of antibiotic provides environment for natural selection to occur (it is a selection pressure)

Overproduction

Overproduction of offspring: ________ of offspring means more offspring produced than supportable by the environment.

Evidence from fossils

● Fossil records show the sequence in which organisms evolved and can link together existing organisms with their likely ancestors

Evidence from selective breeding

● Selective breeding through artificial selection provides evidence for evolution

Evidence from homologous structures

● Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structures when there are differences in function

● Analogous structures

different origins but have diverged due to the performance of a similar function

● Homologous structures

Look superficially different and perform different functions but are similar in structure

● Vestigial structures

structures that have no function and have slowly diminished over time

● Radius+ulna/tibia+fibia

two bones in the distal part

● Carpals/Tarsals

group of wrist/ankle bones

● Metacarpals+Phalanges/metatarsals+phalanges

series of bones in each of five digits

Speciation

● Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution

● Endemic species

one found only in a certain geographical area

Evidence from patterns of variation

● Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence

Industrial melanism

● Dark varieties of light insects are called melanistic

● Meiosis

New combination of alleles by breaking up existing combinations

Gametes come from different parents

combination of alleles from two individuals

Adaptations

● Characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment

Overproduction of offspring

● Overproduction of offspring means more offspring produced than supportable by the environment

Differential survival and reproduction

● Well-adapted individuals survive and reproduce whereas less well-adapted die or fail to reproduce

Inheritance

● Individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring

Progressive change

● Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics

● Process

o Resistance gene either formed by mutation or received by another bacterium

Hierarchy of taxa

● Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

● Eubacteria

o No histones

● Archaea

o Histone like proteins in DNA

● Date palm

o Eukaryota, Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Monocotyledoneae, Palmales, Araceae, Phoenix, dactylifera

Natural classification

● All members of a genus or higher taxon should have a common ancestor

Reviewing classification

● Evidence sometimes shows that members of a group do not actually have a common ancestor

Advantages of natural classification

● Identification of species is easier