Chapter 10 - Reconstruction and the Changing South

12/19

Reconstruction

The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War.

• Purpose was to help the South become a part of the Union again.

Black Codes

Laws that prevented black people from voting, going to school, owning land, and getting jobs.

• They were passed by many southern states to try to get around laws passed by Congress.

13th Amendment

Outlawed slavery (free)

14th Amendment

Said that black people were citizens of the United States and that all people were protected equally by the law. (Citizens)

15th Amendment

Gave all male citizens the right to vote regardless of race (vote)

First state to be readmitted to the Union:

Tennessee

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction to try and make money off of the rebuilding.

• They took advantage of Reconstruction.

Scalawags

White southerners who joined the Republican Party and helped with the Reconstruction.

Exodusters

African Americans who left their homes in the rural south and headed to Kansas.

• did that because Singleton urged them to move there and form their own independent communities to get a chance to get ahead.

3 ways voting rights were taken away from African Americans?

• Literacy tests

• Poll tax

• Grandfather clause

Segregation

The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

"Separate but equal"

• established the legal basis for discrimination in the South for more than 50 years

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that rigidly enforced discrimination and segregation.

Ida B. Wells

Launched a crusade against lynching.

Importance of Atlanta Compromise

Urged African Americans to postpone the fight for civil rights and to instead focus on preparing themselves educationally and vocationally for full equality.

W.E.B. Dubois

• Concentrated on political goals.

• Saw no advantage in giving up civil rights.

• Rejected the Atlanta Compromise.

Booker T. Washington

• Concentrated on achieving economic goals.

• Postponed fight for civil rights.

• Prepared African Americans educationally and vocationally for full equality.

Problems faced by the South after Civil War:

• Confederate land laid in ruins and its value had fallen.

• Southern economy was in a state of collapse.

• Their money was worthless.

• 2/3 of the transportation was destroyed.

• Agricultural economy in ruins.

Lincoln's Plan

• 10% plan

• Amnesty to all Southerners who take oath of loyalty and abolish slavery.

• "malice toward none and charity for all"

Johnson's Plan

• More lenient to Confederate States.

• Amnesty to most southerners who swore loyalty to the Union.

• Opposed equal rights for African Americans.

• Required each state to ratify the 13th Amendment before rejoining the Union.

3 main goals of the Radical Republicans

1. Prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from regaining power.

2. Help the Republican Party to become a powerful force in the South.

3. African Americans to achieve political equality.

Freedmen's Bureau

The organization that set up schools and hospitals for African Americans and provided clothes and food throughout the South. It also helped them find work on former plantations.

Congress wanted to Impeach Johnson so...

They passed the Tenure in Office BILL (a proposed law)

Johnson VETOED (rejected) the Bill so...

The veto was overridden by Congress.

Johnson removed his Secretary of War, Stanton, to test the law so...

Congress impeached Johnson.

What did the Tenure in Office Act say?

Any federal official who required Senate confirmation could not be removed from office without the consent of the Senate.

What was the outcome of the Johnson's impeachment?

Johnson remained president since the vote was thirty-five to nineteen. The Senate failed to impeach Johnson by just one vote.

• Thirty-six votes were required to impeach Johnson.

Sharecropping

A system in which farmers rented land.

Whose reconstruction plan offered amnesty to most white southerners, insisted that most of the south pledge loyalty to the US and abolish slavery, but allowed Black Codes to be enacted?

Johnson's plan

This was the term for discriminatory laws designed to separate southern whites from blacks.

Jim Crow Laws

What was the name of the Supreme Court Case which ruled that "Separate but Equal" is unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education

How did members of Congress react to the black codes?

Outraged Republicans vowed to develop a stricter Reconstruction plan.

Who called for blacks to learn trades and earn money to gain equality / founded the Tuskegee Institute?

Booker T. Washington

Why did conflict erupt shortly after the assassination of President Lincoln?

Republicans disapproved of President Johnson's Reconstruction plan.

• Why did southern states agree to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment?

Ratification of the amendment helped their states win presidential approval to rejoin the Union.

What was the result of southern Democrat resistance to Reconstruction?

Violence toward African Americans increased.

During his presidency, Ulysses S. Grant...

gave high-level advisory posts to untrustworthy friends and acquaintances.

How did MOST freedmen meet their basic needs after the Civil War ended?

They returned to the land where they had worked as slaves.

Who urged African Americans to actively fight for equality / organized the NAACP.

W.E.B. Dubois

• Congress rebelled against President Johnson's Reconstruction plan because they thought...

It was too lenient.

A major result of the Reconstruction period was that...

the former Confederate states were restored to full membership in the Union.

In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that:

segregated facilities did not violate the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.

Why did sharecroppers become trapped in a cycle of poverty?

They did not earn enough cash to pay their debts.

What did Rutherford B. Hayes promise to do in return for the disputed southern electoral votes?

Remove all federal troops stationed in southern states

Using Source 1 and Source 3, which statement best explains how the federal government attempted to protect freedmen in the South during Reconstruction?

It stationed military troops in the South to help enforce Reconstruction laws.

Based on Source 2 and Source 3, which two statements best explain how freedmen were often treated in the South during the Reconstruction era?

• Freedmen were often threatened with violence by white southerners.

• Freedmen were prevented by white southerners from exercising their suffrage rights.

Using Source 2 and Source 3, which statement explains why many African American families most likely left the South during Reconstruction?

They hoped to find better economic opportunities and more social freedom in northern states.

Using Source 1 and Source 3, which statement best explains an effect of Reconstruction legislation on the United States?

It expanded the role of the federal government in protecting citizens' rights and promoting racial justice.