Ch 10 self-defense summary

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7 Terms

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Intro 10.1

  • The goal of self-defense is not to be eaten.

  • Defense against predators has 3 elements

  • 1. Avoiding detection- either using techniques like camouflage or just simply hiding

  • 2. Evading capture- If you are detected by a predator, you must take some sort of action to avoid capture

  • 3. Fighting back- If all other techniques against predators fail, be prepared to fight back

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Cryptic behavior: Camouflage 10.2

  • Crypis/cryptic behavior is anything, including color, shape, or behavior, that makes an animal difficult to detect

  • Camouflage is any color or shape that helps to hide an animal visually from predators.

  • Camouflage can act in several ways, the most common are countershading, background matching, and disruptive colorations.

  • Countershading: This is when the gradation of color of an animal is used to mimic the gradation of light, like in penguins

  • Background matching: When animals evolve to have the same colors, their environment.

  • Disruptive coloration: When patterning that obscures an animal's shape, like zebras

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Vigilance and Alarm 10.3

  • Vigilant behavior is best studied in groups.

  • An alarm can be raised on any of the ways you communicate, sight, sound, and even smell.

  • The existence of a group can minimize the risk to all individuals within the group

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Mimicry and diversion 10.4

  • Mimicry occurs when one species evolves to look, sound, smell, or even act like another species

  • Batesian Mimicry is a behavior in which a prey looks like or behaves like an unpalatable species.

  • Mullerian Mimicry is when a noxious, unpalatable prey mimics other noxious, unpalatable prey, thus increasing the negative experience a predator is likely to have with this organism.

  • Diversion is an extension of mimicry where animals don't look like other animals but look like products - EX: droppings, twigs, or leaves

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Evasion 10.5

  • When a prey is caught, two major strategies remain: Flee and Fight

  • Fleeing is very simple, although some strategies still remain

  • Animals try to distract rather than flee or hide, using startle behavior to make sudden movements or sounds to distract a predator

  • Some animals use “Flash Behavior,” which mixes confusion with fleeing. The animal flees (usually in a zig-zag fashion), then suddenly stops.

  • Animals also use displays like stotting, in which they advertise their readiness to race a predator. This acts as a warning sign: “Catch me if you can!”

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Predator deterrence and fighting back 10.6

  • The second major strategy, left when you’ve attracted attention from a predator, is to fight back.

  • Fighting comes in many forms, ranging from combat, chemical defenses, physical defenses, and simply bad taste

  • Physical Deterrence, such as spines, teeth, large size (or mimicking large size with fur and posture), and other features, keeps predators at bay

  • Non-physical deterrence also exists, such as Venom, stings, and bites are used to harm predators when fighting

  • Even group defense occurs, this is called mobbing, in which individuals in a group harass a predator to drive it away.

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Pathogen Avoidance / Deterrence 10.7

  • Animals exhibit avoidance and deterrence behaviors not only in response to predators but also in relation to parasites and pathogens, with host behavioral responses playing a crucial role in survival when infected or parasitized.