Ch. 6 & 7 Bio

Cellular Respiration chemical equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where eukaryotes perform respiration

Mitochondria

Where prokaryotes perform respiration

Folds of plasma membrane

Glycolysis

First step of cellular respiration.
A glucose in broken into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon sugar). The H electrons that are released bond to NAD+ electron carriers (become NADH).
In: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Out: 2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, 2 NADH, and 4 ATP
where: cytoplasm

Intermediate step (pyruvate oxidation)

transitional step of cellular respiration.
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion by a transport protein and an enzyme removes CO2, strips away H electrons to add to more NAD+ (becomes NADH) and adds coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
CO2 is breathed out as waste

Krebs Cycle

2nd step of cellular respiration.
acetyl CoA enters the cycle and completes breaking down the glucose. The cycle produces more NADH and some FADH2 as well as CO2 and ATP
In: 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD+,
Out: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP
Where: matrix

substrate level phosphorylation

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and ATP is formed

Electron transport chain

3rd step of cellular respiration.
NADH and FADH2 drop their electrons at the ETC. Electrons moved along the chain, and each time them are moved, a proton is pumped out into the inner-membrane space. This creates an electromagnetic field between the positive and negative charge concentration gradient. Electrons that reach the end of the ETC connect with O2 to form H2O. Finally, protons rush through the ATP synthase to create 26-28 ATP. The rushing is used to attach a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.
In: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6O2
Out: 28 ATP, 8 NAD+, 2 FAD, 6H20
Where: inner membrane space

Anaerobic respiration

partial decomposition of glucose to produce ATP without the presence of O2

Aerobic respiration

complete decomposition of glucose in the presence of O2

lactic acid fermentation

Converts pyruvate to lactate which accepts electrons from NADH so there are available NAD+
Occurs a lot in muscle cells

alcoholic fermentation

Converts pyruvate into ethyl alcohol and some carbon dioxide.
Process of making ethyl alcohol takes electrons back from NADH to recycle it to NAD+.
Occurs in plants - how we make a lot of alcohol

What are plants made of?

Primarily carbohydrates such as cellulose, sucrose, fructose.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Ultraviolet light

Invisible to humans, causes sunburns

Visible light

visible wavelengths of light, 780nm - 400nm

Infared

Heat energy

chloroplast

double membraned organelle of plant cells which harnesses energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. the chlorophyll inside the chloroplast is the pigment which gives most plants their green color (absorbs all visible light wavelengths except for green).

Thylakoids

disk shaped sacs inside the chloroplast which contain. pigments such as chlorophyll (green) as well as accessory pigments like red, orange, yellow, and brown.

granum (grana, plural)

Stacks of thylakoids

lamellae

structure which connects the grana to eachother

stroma

gel-like material filling the inside of chloroplasts; like the matrix in a mitochondrion.

Stomata

The plant “breathes” through microscopic pores called stomata.
CO2 enters the leaf and O2 exits.
formed by two guard cells which regulate opening the closing of the pore.

Photosynthesis chemical equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light E → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Light reactions

1st step of photosynthesis.
Pigment molecules absorb light photons and transfer the energy to other pigment molecules
Photosystem II (which functions first) is called P680 because it absorbs 680 nm.
Photosystem I (which functions second) is called P700 because it absorbs 700 nm.
Water is split, making ½ O2, 2 H+, and 2 electrons
Energy from the sun is transferred to electrons (excites them). electrons pass down the ETC (in thylakoid membrane)
electrons give off energy as they move down ETC
some energy is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis
some energy is used to make NADPH (originally NADP+)
In: Light and H2O
Out: O2, ATP, NADPH
where: thylakoid membrane

Calvin cycle

NADPH, ATP, and CO2 enter Calvin cycle which uses the energy from NADPH and ATP to create sugar (g3p).
CO2 is added to a 5 carbon sugar, RuBP by the enzyme Rubisco
ATP and NADPH are used to make two molecules of G3P, one leaves the cycle and one stays behind
The original molecule in the cycle (RuBP) is then regenerated using more ATP
Sugar produced is used in cellular respiration, cellulose, starch, etc.
excess O2 produces is released again through the stromata
where: stroma

Chemiosmosis

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. This process would take place when H+ ions rush through ATP synthase to form ATP

autotroph

able to produce the molecules they need for life without eating. produce their own food.

Photoautotroph

use sunlight as their energy source for food production

Chemoautotrophs

use non-living chemicals (like hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ) as their energy source, often in bacteria

heterotroph

obtain their organic material by eating other organisms. Have to eat in order to produce energy to survive