[BIOCHEM-LAB-FINALS] EXP14: ANALYSIS OF URINE

Analysis of Urine

What is the title of Experiment 14?

Kidney

This is the major excretory organ of the body whose primary function is to regulate extracellular fluid (plasma) environment in the body and can be accomplished through the formation of urine, a modified filtrate of plasma.

Urine

The function of kidney can be accomplished through the formation of?

Urine

This is the modified filtrate of plasma.

Kidney

Also known as the blood cleansing organ.

Kidney

It serves as a filter through which the waste products of the metabolism are passed and eliminated from the blood.

1. Filtration of small molecules from the blood.

2. Reabsorption of useful molecules from urine back to the blood.

3. Secretion of ions and some drugs from the blood into the urine.

What are the three basic processes of kidney in their sorting and cleansing action?

• Water

• Salts

• Other chemicals

Urine consists of waste products filtered from the blood by the kidneys in a mixture of?

Physiological and Pathological

The constituents of urine can be grouped as?

• Water

• Inorganic minerals and ions

• Nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous organic compounds

What are the normal or physiological constituents of urine?

• Pus

• Ketone Bodies

• Bile

• Blood

• Casts

• Calculi

• Glucose

• Proteins

What are the pathological constituents of urine?

Volume

Physical Characteristics of Urine:

The quantity of urine voided by a normal adult is between 0.5 to 2L per day.

0.5-2L

The volume of urine voided by a normal adult is between _____ per day.

pH

Physical Characteristics of Urine:

A normal urine may be acidic, basic, or neutral with a ___ ranging from 4.8 to 8.0.

4.8-8

A normal urine may be acidic, basic, or neutral with a pH ranging from?

6

Human urine is usually acidic with a standard pH of?

Specific Gravity

Physical Characteristics of Urine:

This is used to measure the concentrating power of kidney.

1.000

Water has a specific gravity of?

1.010-1.030

What is the usual range of the specific gravity of urine?

Specific Gravity

The urine’s _______ is dependent upon the concentration of the solutes in the urine.

Pale yellow

Physical Characteristics of Urine:

What is the color of normal urine?

Urochrome

The principal pigment, a compound of urobilin or urobilinogen.

Urobilin or urobilinogen

Urochrome is the principal pigment, a compound of?

Oxidized

Urine usually darkens on longer period of time because urobilinogen is?

Aromatic odor

Physical Characteristics of Urine:

Freshly voided urine has what odor?

Ammoniacal odor

Urine develops an ______ odor when allowed to stand for some time; and this is due to the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia.

Clear and transparent

Physical Characteristics of Urine:

_______ is one indication of normal urine when voided.

Cloudy

_____ appearance may be observed on longer period. This is due to the separation of the substances in urine, such eS WBC, mucus, epithelial cells and pus cells making the urine turbid.

Chlorides

Normal Inorganic Constituents of Urine:

It is an electrolyte controlled by the kidneys and can sometimes be affected by diet.

Electrolyte

This is involved in maintaining acid-base equilibrium and helps to control blood volume and artery pressure.

Acidosis

Elevated levels are related to ____ as well as too much water crossing the cell membrane.

Sulfates

Normal Inorganic Constituents of Urine:

In urine analysis, the presence of sulfur indicates that the proteins in the diet contain sulfur-containing amino acids.

Phosphatases

Normal Inorganic Constituents of Urine:

These are inorganic phosphates that combine together as sodium and potassium phosphates as well as calcium and magnesium.

Calcium

Normal Inorganic Constituents of Urine:

It is the most abundant mineral in the body involved in bone metabolism, protein absorption, fat transport, muscular contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting, and heart function.

Calcium balance

The presence of calcium in the diet has something to do with “_______”; how much calcium you take in and how much you lose from your body.

Urine

To keep up the balance of calcium in the body, small amounts are usually excreted in _____.

Hyperthyroidism

This is a hormone disorder that disturbs this balance and often results in increased levels of calcium in the urine due to high levels of calcium in the blood.

Urea

Normal Organic Constituents of Urine:

Chief nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism formed in the liver from amino acids.

Urea

This is excreted in the urine in bigger amounts if there is a drinking of a large amount of water and beer because these stimulate protein catabolism.

Nephritis

The excretion of urea decreases in certain diseases of the liver or _____ where the kidney's ability to excrete is impaired; hence, less urea is excreted.

Uric Acid

Normal Organic Constituents of Urine:

An insoluble, white crystalline compound derived from ammonia, the main end product of purine metabolism and is normally excreted through the urine.

Uric Acid

This is almost insoluble in water but soluble in alkalis.

Leukocytes

Uric acid in urine is excreted in a large quantity by a person with leukemia due to the destruction of ______.

Creatinine

Normal Organic Constituents of Urine:

This is the waste product of muscle metabolism. Its level is an indication of the body's muscle mass.

Indican

Normal Organic Constituents of Urine:

This is formed from intestinal putrefaction of tryptophan leading to the formation of indole.

Indoxyl potassium sulfate

Indican is also known as?

Indole

Indican is formed from intestinal putrefaction of tryptophan leading to the formation of?

Indican

The indole is detoxicated in the liver and excreted in urine as?

Putrefactive processes

The amount of indican excreted in urine is a rough index of _______ inside the intestines.

Glucose

Pathological Constituents of Urine:

There is no _____ in urine for a normal person.

Diabetes

A positive glucose occurs in?

Diabetes or glucose intolerance

Any glucose in the urine would raise the chance of?

Protein

Pathological Constituents of Urine:

People with good physical shape do not usually excrete ____ in urine because they are too large to be filtered from the blood by the kidneys.

Glomerulonephritis

Proteins may be found in the urine if there is a problem with the filtering units of the kidneys, as in _____.

Protein

This can be a sign of kidney damage, blood in the urine, or an infection.

Blood

Pathological Constituents of Urine:

____ in urine can indicate an infection, kidney stones, trauma, or bleeding from a bladder or kidney tumor.

Hemolyzed

An analysis made by the technician indicates whether it is: dissolved blood or non-hemolyzed (intact red blood cells).

Non-hemolyzed

An analysis made by the technician indicates whether it is: Intact red blood cells

Ketones

Pathological Constituents of Urine:

These are the end-product of fast or excessive breakdown of fatty acid.

Ketones

These are present in the urine when the blood levels go beyond a certain threshold. This condition is present in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and a number of other conditions like very high fat diet and during starvation when a huge quantity of body fat is metabolized.