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What are the four main regions of the spine?

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5 fused), Coccyx (3-5 fused)

What is the purpose of intervertebral disks?

To absorb shock, resist compression, keep vertebrae separated, and provide space for nerves.

What are the two parts of a disk?

Nucleus pulposus (jelly-like core) and annulus fibrosus (outer layers of cartilage).

What muscle flexes the neck and rotates the head?

Sternocleidomastoid (C5).

What is kyphosis?

An excessive curve of the thoracic spine.

What is lordosis?

An excessive forward curve of the lumbar spine.

What is scoliosis?

A lateral curve of the spine (side to side).

What are some strategies for preventing spinal injuries?

Widen stance, get close to objects, maintain center of gravity, use large muscles, and avoid bending and twisting.

What is axial loading in the context of cervical injuries?

Force applied to the lengthwise centerline of the cervical spine.

What is whiplash?

An injury caused by hyperflexion and hyperextension of the neck.

What is the Brachial Plexus?

A bundle of nerves that exit the cervical spine and extend through the shoulder into the arm.

What are common symptoms of a Brachial Plexus injury?

Burning, tingling, stinging, numbness, and loss of strength and range of motion.

What is spondylolysis?

A stress fracture or degeneration of the vertebrae, often caused by obesity, poor posture, or repetitive stress.

What is spondylolisthesis?

A condition where a vertebra slips forward due to failure of spondylolysis to heal.

What is a herniated disk?

When the nucleus pulposus pushes through the annulus fibrosus, potentially causing nerve compression.

What are afferent spinal nerves responsible for?

Ascending pathways that carry sensory information from the body to the brain.

What are efferent spinal nerves responsible for?

Descending pathways that carry motor function information from the brain to the body.

What is a myotome?

A muscle group supplied by motor fibers from a spinal nerve.

What is a dermatome?

A skin area supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve.

What is the function of the C4 myotome?

Shoulder elevation.

What is the function of the L5 myotome?

Great toe extension.

What are the components of a reflex arc?

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration (in CNS), motor neuron, effector.