Sistema Digestivo Flashcards

Flashcards on the digestive system based on lecture notes.

Sistema Digestivo

The processing of food involves ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.

Ingestion

Taking food into the mouth and swallowing it.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food mechanically and chemically.

Absorption

Nutrients pass through the surface of the digestive system into the blood.

Egestion/Elimination

Undigested and unabsorbed food is removed from the body.

Nutrients

Organic and inorganic substances in food used for cell function, synthesis, metabolic processes, growth, and tissue repair.

Herbivores

Animals that primarily eat plant material; have adaptations to extract nutrients from plant matter.

Carnivores

Animals that eat other animals; adapted for capturing and killing prey.

Omnivores

Animals that consume both plants and animals.

Invertebrates without a Digestive System

Protozoans and sponges that lack a digestive system; cells trap food particles for intracellular digestion.

Invertebrates with Incomplete Digestive System

Cnidarians and flatworms with a single opening for ingestion and egestion; digestion occurs in a gastrovascular cavity.

Invertebrates and Vertebrates with Complete Digestive System

Arthropods, annelids, and vertebrates with a digestive tract having two openings (mouth and anus).

Parts of the Digestive Tract (in order)

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

Accessory Glands of the Digestive System

Salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.

Serosa

Connective tissue outer covering that protects and anchors the digestive tract.

Mucosa

Mucous membrane layer that lines the digestive tract.

Submucosa

Connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

Muscularis

Two layers of smooth muscle responsible for motility of the digestive tract.

Function of Salivary Glands

Saliva moistens food, bicarbonate maintains pH, amylase digests starch, lysozyme inhibits bacteria.

Function of Liver

Produces bile, performs various functions associated with processing and storing nutrients.

Function of Gall Bladder

Stores and concentrates bile.

Function of Pancreas

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine.

Function of Stomach

Stores and mixes food; begins chemical digestion of protein; regulates delivery to the small intestine.

Function of Small Intestine

Digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates; absorbs most nutrients; secretes digestive hormones and enzymes.

Function of Large Intestine

Absorbs nutrients and stores waste material.

Structure of a Tooth

Enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, root canal, periodontal membrane, bone.

Deglutition

The act of swallowing, where the tongue pushes the bolus into the pharynx.

Bicarbonate

Neutralizes stomach acid.

Bile

Emulsifies fats.

Elimination

The process of removing digestive residues, materials never absorbed from the digestive tract.

Excretion

The process of removing metabolic wastes, primarily a function of kidneys and lungs.

Hormones that Control Digestion

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gastric Inhibitory Peptide.

Most carbohydrates are ingested as:

Polysaccharides.

Fatty acids are converted into molecules of:

Acetyl-CoA.

Excess of amino acids are converted into:

Urea.

Vitamins and Minerals

Help the digestive system perform different tasks.