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Individualism

american philosophy that encouraged self-reliance and personal independence over the collective identity (fueled by romanticism)

Romanticism

A movement toward intuition, feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature led by transcendentalists

Transcendentalism

movement that emphasized individualism, self-reliance, intuition, emotion and nature and artistic over reason and wealth (enlightenment).

Ralph Waldo Emerson

a Northern writer who wrote essays that expressed individualistic and nationalistic aspects of American culture. He promoted independent thinking and questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices. He was a leading critic of slavery and supporter of the Union.

Henry David Theroux

known as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist famous for writing Walden, a book based on a two year experiment of living in the woods. He was strongly against the US war with Mexico, so he refused to pay a tax, was jailed, and wrote “On Civil Disobedience”. His actions and ideas inspired the nonviolent movements by both Gandhi and MLK Jr.

Brook Farm

An experiment run by George Ripley to achieve a natural union between intellect and labor.

Shakers

Utopian religious communal movement that held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate, however it died out due to lack of members.

Oneida Community

cooperative community started by John Humphrey Noyes to create an ideal of perfect social and economic equality where community members shared property and marriage partners.

Second Grade Awakening

movement towards traditional puritan/calvinist teachings of original sin and predestination which began among highly educated people.

Charles Grandison Finney

minister who started a series of revivals in new york by appealing to fear of damnation and declaring everyone could be saved by faith and hard work which appealed to the middle class workers.

mormons/Joseph Smith

founded the mormon church which followed the book of mormon which formed a connection between american indians and the lost tribes of isreal. They faced heavy persecution and migrated frequently.

Temperance/American Temperance Society

reform movement for the abolition of alcohol. The american temperance society was formed by protestant ministers who tried to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence.

Lyman Beecher

Presbyterian minister and social reformer who promoted the creation of voluntary organizations like the American Temperance Society. He championed reforms for temperance, abolition, and public education, but is perhaps most famous as the father of influential writers and reformers, most notably Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

Dorothea Dix

schoolteacher who launched a cross-country reform movement to improve mental hospitals and patient treatment

Horace Mann

leading advocate for the public school movement, which required children to attend school, made a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation.

Cult of domesticity

the idea during the industrialization that viewed women as the moral leaders of the home.

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

sisters who spoke out against discrimination against women and slavery; Sarah wrote letters on the equality of the sexes and the condition of women.

Seneca Falls Convention

leading feminists met at this women’s rights convention where the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted listing the women’s grievances against men.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

women’s rights activist who campaigned for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women.

Declaration of sentiments

drafted at the seneca falls convention, this declared men and women are created equal amd listed the grievances against laws and customs discriminating against women

American Colonization Society

formed with the idea of transporting freed slaves to african colonies, however, this didnt end up successful as many free african americans didnt want to leave.

William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator

published the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator and advocated for the immediate end of slavery without compensation to slaveowners. He also founded the american antislavery society and burned the Constitution as a proslavery document.

Frederick Douglass

formerly enslaved African American who spoke out against his firsthand experience and wrote the antislavery journal The North Star.

Nat Turner rebellion

enslaved virginian who led a revolt that killed 55 Whites who then killed hundreds of african americans in brutal fashion to put down the revolt.