ARCH & UD 10A Final Monuments

Timgad; Algeria; Roman Empire; 100 CE; city

• two main streets: cardo (West-East road) and decumanus (North-South road)

• intersection of the two main roads was the location of the forum.

• the layout of Roman cities were standardized (i.e., forums, administrative buildings, temple, etc. were in the same overall location), making it easy to navigate

Timgad; Algeria; Roman Empire; 100 CE; city

• two main streets: cardo (West-East road) and decumanus (North-South road)

• intersection of the two main roads was the location of the forum.

• the layout of Roman cities were standardized (i.e., forums, administrative buildings, temple, etc. were in the same overall location), making it easy to navigate

Timgad; Algeria; Roman Empire; 100 CE; city

• two main streets: cardo (West-East road) and decumanus (North-South road)

• intersection of the two main roads was the location of the forum.

• the layout of Roman cities were standardized (i.e., forums, administrative buildings, temple, etc. were in the same overall location), making it easy to navigate

Pantheon; Apollodorus of Damascus; Rome, Italy; Rome Empire; 100 CE; Temple

• huge courtyard in front. space in which there would be festivals and gatherings and vendors.

• very unique in that it is a temple to all the gods of the Roman pantheon rather than one or two

• contains the world’s largest unenforced concrete dome

Temple of Inscriptions; Chiapas, Mexico; Mayans; 600; Pyramid

• the pyramid functions as a royal tomb (analogous to the Egyptian pyramids)

• the stairs go steeper as you ascend

• the lid of the sarcophagus inside has an image of the king falling into the underworld

Pyramid of the Magician; Uxmal, Mexico; Mayans; 600; Pyramid

• portal of the entry looks like the face of the Magician, hence the name

• very steep stairs

• the pyramid contains fewer but taller platforms

Al Castillo; Yucatan, Mexico; Mayans (city of Chichen Itza); 1000; Pyramid

• each staircase has 91 steps (91*4 = 364, days in the Mayan calendar)

• there seem to be snakes at the base of the staircases

• during the equinox, the snakes are positioned in a way in which it looks like the snakes’ bodies are undulating

Temple of Warriors; Yucatan, Mexico; Mayans (city of Chichen Itza); 1000 CE, Pyramid

• consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors

• heavily decorated with reliefs featuring eagles and jaguars

• human sacrifices took place

Great Ball Court; Yucatan, Mexico; Mayans (city of Chichen Itza); 1000 CE; Mayan Ball Court

• hoops are representative of goals. team game in which teams would try to get balls through the hoops to score points.

• losers of the game would be used as human sacrifice

• pyramidal structure at the Northern end serves as a viewing spot for elites

Borobudur; Central Java; Sailendra dynasty; 800; temple

• 8 levels of the complex (references to the 8 stages of enlightenment in Buddhism)

• overall design of a perfect 3D mandala, in which a lot of resources were used to obtain

• contains thousands of relief panels depict episodes from Buddhist tradition

Banteay Srei; Siem Reap, Cambodia; Khmer empire; 1000; temple

• built entirely from local red sandstone

• primarily associated with Shiva and relief carvings contain many tales associated with Shiva

• organized into a series of small sanctuaries or cells arranged around a central shrine => inner progression / personal reflection

Banteay Srei; Siem Reap, Cambodia; Khmer empire; 1000; temple

• built entirely from local red sandstone

• primarily associated with Shiva and relief carvings contain many tales associated with Shiva

• organized into a series of small sanctuaries or cells arranged around a central shrine => inner progression / personal reflection

Angkor Wat; Siem Reap, Cambodia; Khmer empire; 1200; Temple complex

• only temple orientated to the west, invokes theme of death and rebirth (sun rises in the east)

• lots of relief sculptures, kilometers of carvings depicting Indian literature

• used 5-10 million stone blocks, the entire city used more stones than the pyramids of Giza

Lakshmana temple; Khajuraho, India; Chandella dynasty; 1000; temple

• temples built around natural pools, irregular positions of pools determined temple placement

• circumambulatory pathway makes the act of entry/exit more intentional

• walls at left and right flanks contain sculptures detailing the marriage of Shiva and Parvati

Dome of the Rock; Jerusalem; Ummayads; 700; Monument

• Has an octagonal base

• the large dome is covered with gold

• designed to play with light and shadow: narrow windows and strategically placed openings makes for unique lighting and a holier feeling space

  • important to all 3 Abrahamic faiths and is a continued point of contention between the faiths

Great Mosque of Damascus; Damascus, Syria; Ummayads; 700; Mosque

• Hypostyle prayer hall allows for large open space for congregation prayer

• great mosque features round and pointed arches

• borrows from the Greek/Roman pediment and has Byzantine motifs

Great Mosque of Cordoba; Cordoba, Spain; Ummayads; 700; Mosque

• Red and white pattern by alternating limestone and clay brick.

• Utilizes double arches as structural elements

• the mosque is adorned with geometric patterns and calligraphic scripts

Alhambra; Granada, Spain; Nasrids; 1300; Palace

• a very large compound, capable of supporting 10,000 ppl at once

• contains a clerestory a level with just windows. helps bring light into the space

• at heart, defensive structure. surrounded by thick wall. towers are lined with turrets so guards can shoot through openings.

Fatih Cami; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottomans; 1500; Mosque

• lots of fenestration (windows). makes the interior of the mosque very bright. try to make a mythical experience with natural light

• built over Constantine’s Church of the Holy Apostles and his imperial tomb

• barrel vaults as foundation for the complex.

Fatih Cami; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottomans; 1500; Mosque

• lots of fenestration (windows). makes the interior of the mosque very bright. try to make a mythical experience with natural light

• built over Constantine’s Church of the Holy Apostles and his imperial tomb

• barrel vaults as foundation for the complex.

Topkapi Saray; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottoman; 1500; Palace

• contains Roman columns which were literally taken from Byzantine structures

• contained 3 courts. the 1st court was for the public, and the 2nd and 3rd courts were for the king and his family.

• Children were educated in the harems in an attempt to make loyal foreign slaves

Topkapi Saray; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottoman; 1500; Palace

• contains Roman columns which were literally taken from Byzantine structures

• contained 3 courts. the 1st court was for the public, and the 2nd and 3rd courts were for the king and his family.

• Children were educated in the harems in an attempt to make loyal foreign slaves

Suleymaniye Mosque; Mimar Sinan; Istanbul, Turkey; Ottomans; 1500; Mosque

• center of learning in Ottoman empire.

• also had hospital, bath, and food bank. provided thousands of meals of day

• lots of fenestration (windows). let in natural light.

Malwiya minaret; Sammara, Iraq; Abbasids; 800; minaret

• spiral is reminiscent of a ziggurat, may be evidence of borrowing from Sumerian tradition

• Steep, tapering design draws the eye skyward

• crafted predominantly from baked brick

Malwiya minaret; Sammara, Iraq; Abbasids; 800; minaret

• spiral is reminiscent of a ziggurat, may be evidence of borrowing from Sumerian tradition

• Steep, tapering design draws the eye skyward

• crafted predominantly from baked brick

Basilica Maxentius; Rome, Italy; Romans; 300 CE; Basilica

• Massive windows let in lots of light

• crossed by series of hallways and passageways

• at first, basilica served as administrative building- huge building where lots of most important ppl in Rome would meet. eventually would serve as a church.

St John’s in the Lateran; Rome, Italy; Romans; 300 CE; Early Church

• 1st imperially sponsored church

• 5 aisle longitudinal plan, larger central center (nave) for congregation,

• built on the outskirts of the city. supposedly honoring the graves of buried martyrs who died outside the city’s centers.

Old St. Peter’s; Rome, Italy; Romans; 300; Early Church

• Latin cross style plan, with an elongated descending arm

• Built over the grave of Saint Peter (first pope)

• Greatest of Constantine’s Churches

Old St. Peter’s; Rome, Italy; Romans; 300; Early Church

• Latin cross style plan, with an elongated descending arm and the transept located on the side

• Built over the grave of Saint Peter (first pope)

• Greatest of Constantine’s Churches

Old St. Peter’s; Rome, Italy; Romans; 300; Early Church

• Latin cross style plan, with an elongated descending arm

• Built over the grave of Saint Peter (first pope)

• Greatest of Constantine’s Churches

Santa Sabina; Rome, Italy; Romans; 400; early church

• exterior is very austere. want you to come in and appreciate the interior

• lots of windows. lots of natural light.

• arched colonnade puts the main focus of the Santa Sabina on the apse.

Santa Stefano Rotundo; Rome, Italy; Romans; 400; Early Church

• one of the first versions of the centralized church, in which the altar is at the center and people sit around the altar

• The ceiling around the altar is a level higher, putting further emphasis on the altar

• It is a circular church that remains unfinished to this day

Santa Stefano Rotundo; Rome, Italy; Romans; 400; Early Church

• one of the first versions of the centralized church, in which the altar is at the center and people sit around the altar

• The ceiling around the altar is a level higher, putting further emphasis on the altar

• It is a circular church that remains unfinished to this day

Santa Constanza; Rome, Italy; Romans; 400; Early Church

• relatively austere brick exterior and much more decorated interior

• with a colunnade around the altar, puts a centralized focus on the altar

• one of the first churches to adopt a centralized plan, in which the altar is at the center and people sit around the altar

Hagia Sophia; Istanbul, Turkey; Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus; Byzantines; 500; Mosque/Church

• Utilizes pendatives, a structural component that allows the Hagia Sophia to have such a massive dome.

• fenestration made the Hagia Sophia extremely naturally wel- lit

• use of marble and gold gave the Hagia Sophia a natural shimmering effect

San Vitale; Ravenna, Italy; Romans; 500 CE; Early Church

• lots of open occupiable space allows for communal worship

• It is really more of a centralized church even though it was designed somewhat like a linear church

• A groin vault was present over the apse as structural support.

Abbey Church of Saint-Denis; Saint-Denis, France; French (Normans); 1200; Cathedral

• lots of stained windows which use cool colors like dark blues and dark reds and purples to create an illuminating effect in the interior.

• groin vaulting allowed for a more precise locating of force

• extremely vertically shoots the viewers’ eyes’ upward.

Chartres Cathedral; Chartres, France; French (Normans); 1200; cathedral

• asymmetrical. 2 towers with one tower square-like, one tower octagonal

• contained a rose window, a circular window, decorations often in the shape of a flower.

• contained important religious relics and important religious decisions were made in the cathedral

Notre-Dame; Paris, France; French (Normans); 1200, cathedral

• contained significantly less masonry and more windows than previous gothic-styled churches

• contained 3 rose windows, 1 in front and 1 at each end of the transept

• had carved gargoyles which were meant to ward off spirits

Chartres Cathedral; Chartres, France; French (Normans); 1200; Cathedral

• Greek cross plan. transept shifted much more toward the center.

• 3 large rose windows. one on both sides of transept. one at the front of the church.

• towers do not match. asymmetrical. adds to complexity of the cathedral

Reims Cathedral; Reims, France; Normans; 1200; Cathedral

• increasing complexity, very little space that isn’t decorated with things like statues, spires, or windows.

• has very large rose windows with very little masonry

• a narrow nave allows for an even more verticality

Hall of the cloth guild; Bruges, Belgium; Normans; 1200; Guild hall

• borrows from (combines) defensive architecture and church architecture.

• sheer verticality of the tower grabs viewers’ attention

• the clock on the tower allows guilds to compete with the influence of the church and provide public service

Salisbury Cathedral; Salisbury, England; Normans; 1200; Cathedral

• unique in that decoration motif draws eyes downward instead of upward.

• overall, not as uniform as French gothic architecture

• has a courtyard associated with monasteries and nunneries

Ponte Vecchio; Neri di Fioravanti; Florence, Italy; 1300; Bridge

• not only does it act as a bridge, the Ponte Vecchio is lined with a continuous row of shops for commerce

• employs multiple stone arches which allows for the redistribution of weight

• over time, the government doubled the width of the bridge and added more spaces for shops

Ponte Vecchio; Neri di Fioravanti; Florence, Italy; 1300; Bridge

• not only does it act as a bridge, the Ponte Vecchio is lined with a continuous row of shops for commerce

• employs multiple stone arches which allows for the redistribution of weight

• over time, the government doubled the width of the bridge and added more spaces for shops

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Flore; Filippo Brunelleschi; Florence, Italy; 1300; cathedral

• It was built around the time of the black death, hence, construction would be often halted

• the dome does not contain concrete, but rather, brick, cut stone, and wood

• decorated buttresses would be a reference to the antique world

Palazzo Medici; Michelozza; Florence, Italy; Florence (Medici family); 1400; palazzo

• 3 floors: 1st for public, 2nd for family, 3rd for servants

• contained large courtyards and large colonnades

• the bottom floor had things for the public like benches for people to sit on

Palazzo Medici; Michelozza; Florence, Italy; Florence (Medici family); 1400; palazzo

• 3 floors: 1st for public, 2nd for family, 3rd for servants

• contained large courtyards and large colonnades

• the bottom floor had things for the public like benches for people to sit on

Basilica of Sant’Andrea; Leon Batista Alberti; Mantua, Italy; 1400; Church

• heavily Roman-inspired, similar to the feeling of a massive triumphal arch

• unlike the gothic, it was perfectly symmetrical and everything was in proportion to something else

• all of the columns are engaged and purely for decoration

Pienza; Bernardo Rosselino; Siena, Italy; Papal states; 1400; city

• built around the concept of the “ideal city”; structures were symmetrical and the layout was very organized

• the central and most important element of the city was the cathedral

• the houses were 3 stories and displayed rustication

Pienza; Bernardo Rosselino; Siena, Italy; Papal states; 1400; city

• built around the concept of the “ideal city”; structures were symmetrical and the layout was very organized

• the central and most important element of the city was the cathedral

• the houses were 3 stories and displayed rustication

Cliff Palaces of Mesa Verde; Mesa Verde, Colorado; Ancestral Puebloans; 1100; cliff city

• one of the best-preserved architecture of the SW US

• built palaces into cliffs. provided natural defense against enemies and provided protection against the elements

• the most sacred places of the city were kivas, large circular and underground rooms used for spiritual ceremonies

Templo Mayor; Mexico City (Tenochtitlan), Mexico; Aztecs; 1400; Temple

• extremely large pyramidal sanctuary and must have been a huge drain of resources for the Aztecs

• 2 sanctuaries on top, one towards rain god and one toward fire god

• Similar to Mayan architecture, the temple had a lot of animal decorative elements

Templo Mayor; Mexico City (Tenochtitlan), Mexico; Aztecs; 1400; Temple

• extremely large pyramidal sanctuary and must have been a huge drain of resources for the Aztecs

• 2 sanctuaries on top, one towards rain god and one toward fire god

• Similar to Mayan architecture, the temple had a lot of animal decorative elements

Templo Mayor; Mexico City (Tenochtitlan), Mexico; Aztecs; 1400; Temple

• extremely large pyramidal sanctuary and must have been a huge drain of resources for the Aztecs

• 2 sanctuaries on top, one towards rain god and one toward fire god

• Similar to Mayan architecture, the temple had a lot of animal decorative elements

Machu Picchu; Cusco Region; Peru, Incas; 1400; royal resort/retreat

• placed at an extremely high elevation of ~8000 ft.

• the site was a resort town away from the heart of the main city

• believed to contain a sun dial / observatory object

Machu Picchu; Cusco Region; Peru, Incas; 1400; royal resort/retreat

• placed at an extremely high elevation of ~8000 ft.

• the site was a resort town away from the heart of the main city

• believed to contain a sun dial / observatory object

Saint Peter’s Basilica; Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno; Vatican City (Roman, Italy); Papal States; 1600; cathedral

• the interior was very opulent with lots of marbles, statues, and artifacts

• the Basilica contains one of the most extensive art collections in Rome

• contains a grand public square that can hold up to 3 million people

Palace of Versailles; Versailles; France; French; 1600; palace

• the huge, elaborate, and decorated gardens would be a metaphor for dominating nature

• the facade is symmetrical but the layout is technically asymmetric

• center of the palace contained state apartments, where king, queen, and family reside

San Marcello al Corso; Rome, Italy; Carlo Fontana; Italians; 1700; church

• concave, multi-planed surfaces. dynamic facade → theatrical effect.

• as a piece of Baroque architecture, meant to be observed in the round, observants meant to participate in the theatre of the architecture

• the inner walls are covered with paintings, as with Baroque architecture, interiors are considered as canvases for artists

Duomo; Piazza del Duomo; Catania, Sicily; Giovanni Batista Vaccarini; 1700; Church

• part of a rebuilding effort of Siciliy after the massive earthquake near the end of the 17th century

• each of the columns are actually facing a slightly different direction

• as a piece of Baroque architecture, meant to be observed in the round, observants meant to participate in the theatre of the architecture

Church of San Giorgio; Modica, Sicily; Rosoria Gagliaradi; 1700; Church

• deliberately in a steep location so the building is naturally elevated

• the stairs are convex (bend slightly inwards), creates a new experience in which viewers are meant to pay attention to the stairs

• a bell tower structure is incorporated into the faade

Palazzo Stupingi; Turin, Italy; Filippo Juvarra; 1700; palace

• expanding and contacting plan, creating various levels of the facade

• like many Palazzi, the Palazzo Stupingi was organized around a central courtyard.

• the Palazzo was huge with over 150 rooms.

Stowe House and Gardens; Buckinghamshire, England; 1700; Great House

• Stowe house garden littered with various follies and monuments

• planned walkways. meant to stay on the path to get the best effect of the gardens.

• meant to be experienced and walked around rather than a static experience.

Strawberry Hill; Horace Walpole with Robert Adam; Twickenham, England; 1700; Great House

• inspired heavily by the gothic and the picturesque aesthetic

• no two rooms have the same shape → serendipity

• the gallery utilizes unique fan vaults

Strawberry Hill; Horace Walpole with Robert Adam; Twickenham, England; 1700; Great House

• inspired heavily by the gothic and the picturesque aesthetic

• no two rooms have the same shape → serendipity

• the gallery utilizes unique fan vaults

Santa Maria del Priorato; Piranesi; Rome, Italy; 1700; church

• strictly classical elements: simple is better

• absolutely no paintings in the interior in contrast to Baroque

• although the inside is relatively undecorated, extremely elaborate altar (most important part of a church)

Saline de Chaux, Ledoux, Chaux, France. 1800; salt works

• since salt was commonly used in food preservation, it was considered very valuable. Hence, this salt mine would be considered an important government facility

• radial design allowed for director at center to have constant surveillance of the dwellings of works along exterior

• the director’s house is the tallest building and very imposing doric facade

Arc de Triomphe; Paris, France; Jean Chalgrin; 1800; triumphal arch

• Napolean developed the concept of the Arc de Triomphe inspired by the Arch of Titus

• honors those who fought and died for France in French Revolutionary War

• all French revolutionaries and generals inscribed in inner and outer surfaces

Mexico City Cathedral; Mexico City; Mexico; Claudio di Arciniega; 1800; cathedral

• situated exactly on top of templo mayor

• built over a time period of ~250 years and so displays a diverse combination of styles

• massive square site of many public gatherings. one of the largest public open spaces in Mexico city

San Francisco Church; Ouro Preto, Brazil; Aleijadinoh; 1800; Church

• does not have the cross-plan of earlier churches but is more like a single line

• relief sculptures depict Saint Francis (patron saint)

• columns are twisted and pointed outward

Parlange Plantation House, Mix, Louisiana, 1800; great house

• Verandahs allowed people to be in the shade while still being outside

• classic French colonial plantation home

• houses not only the family that owns the plantation but some slave laborers as well

Drayton Hall, Charleston, South Carolina; 1800; great house

• 7 bay plantation home, very standard in terms of design

• 3 pedimented windows and large central splitting staircase

• American South wanted to represent their strength and solidity through these homes

San Vitale; Ravenna, Italy; Romans; 500 CE; Early Church

• lots of open occupiable space allows for communal worship

• It is really more of a centralized church even though it was designed somewhat like a linear church

• A groin vault was present over the apse as structural support.