Basic Principles of Biomechanics

________ is the study of movement.

Kinesiology

_____ branch of mechanics describes the motion of objects.

Kinematics

_____ is the study of forces that cause movement, including statics and dynamics.

Kinetics

_____ is a type of kinematics describes the movement of bony segments that make up a joint.

Osteokinematics

Forces acting on a stationary object

Statics

Forces acting on a moving object

Dynamics

_______ is the movement of a segment in a straight line where each point moves through the same distance.

Linear motion

______ is the combination of Rotary and Translatory displacement.

Curvilinear motion

______: motion refers to occurs around a 1.________ axis, where each point moves through the 2._____ angle at a 3.________ distance from the axis.

Angular, fixed, same, constant

Motion occurs in a circle around a(n) _______; every point on the object attached to the axis follows the arc of a circle.

Axis

5 Qualitative Variables of Osteokinematics:

1. Types of Displacement/ Motion

2. Location in Space of the Displacement

3. Direction of the Displacement of the Segment

4. Magnitude of the Displacement

5. Rate of Change in Displacement (Velocity) / Rate of Change of Velocity (Acceleration)

Type 1

1

True or False: For the Qualitative Variables of Osteokinematics, the Magnitude of Displacement can be also applied to arthrokinematics

True

__________: movement of articulating surfaces between two opposing ____ that make up the ____ (palpation)

Arthrokinematics, bones, joint

_______ is the most common type of motion in the body.

Curvilinear motion

Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration formulas (Type 1)

1

Trigonometric Method (Type 1)

1

Example 3 (Type 1)

1

Axis of the following planes:

1. Sagittal

2. Frontal

3. Transverse

X, Z, Y

Give 2 movements of the Sagittal Plane.

Flexion, Extension

Give 2 movements of the Frontal Plane.

Abduction, Adduction

Give 2 movements of the a Transverse Plane.

Lateral, Medial rotation

What is the pivot point for angular or rotary motion called?

Axis of Rotation

What are the three types of arthrokinematic motion?

Roll, Slide, Spin

Which type of joint focuses more on stability and has limited or no mobility?

Synarthroses

Which type of joint has a cavity that permits movements between two opposing bones?

Diarthroses

Which joint type allows movement in three planes?

Multiaxial

There are _ degrees of freedom in a human body.

3

Type of Motion: (Answer/Answer)

______ when new points on one bony segments that meet the new points in the opposing bony segment

Roll/Rock

Type of Joint: (Answer/Answer)

A single point in one articulating surface would meet new point on the opposing articulating surface

Slide/Glide

_____ is when a single point on the two opposing segments that are fixed and the bony segment would rotate over that fixed point.

Spin

True or False: In the Convex/cave rule, If the CONVEX surface is moving, gliding will occur opposite to the movement of the long bone…

True

Convex moving: Roll opposite to concave, Glide opposite of shaft of long bone…

Concave: Roll & Glide same direction as the long bone…

(Type 1)

1

"When a ________ surface moves on a convex surface, the roll and glide occur in the ________ direction."

concave, same

During Knee extension, which occurs in the sagittal plane, the concave tibia rolls and glides ________.

anteriorly

In the humeroulnar joint, during elbow flexion, the _____ ulna rolls and glides in the ________ direction."

Concave, same

During Hip internal rotation, which occurs in the transverse plane, the convex femoral head rolls ________ and glides ________.

anteriorly, posteriorly

In the Glenohumeral joint, when the convex humeral head moves on the concave glenoid cavity, the roll and glide occur in ________ directions.

opposite

Same or Opposite: Glide of tibial surface on knee extension

same

Same or Opposite: Roll of talus during ankle dorsiflexion

Same

In the Hip joint, the convex femoral head moves on the concave acetabulum, the roll and glide occur in ________ directions.

opposite

In the Radioulnar joint, during pronation, the concave radial head glides in the ________ direction as the roll on the convex ulna.

same

In the Radiocarpal joint during radial deviation, the carpal bones are _____ , and the radius is _______, the carpal bones move ______.

convex, concave, laterally

In the Ankle joint, during dorsiflexion of the convex talus on the concave tibia, the roll and glide occur in ________ directions.

opposite

_____ is the axis about the segment moves is not fixed

Instantaneous Axis of Rotation

In an open kinematic chain, the terminal segment is ________ to move in space, and the movements are -on- segment kinematics.

free

_______/Ginglymus joint - ex. Finger DIP/PIP joints (flexion, extension in sagittal plane).

Hinge

____/_______ Joint - eg. atlantoaxial joint (“no” joint; in the transverse plane).

Pivot/trochoid

_______/_______ joint - ex. MCP joint ( flexion, extension in sagittal plane and abduction, adduction in frontal plane).

Condyloid/ellipsoid

Radiocarpal joint (_________; wrist flexion, extension in sagittal plane and wrist abduction, adduction in frontal plane).

ellipsoid

________ joint - spherical convex surface partnered with an opposing concave surface.

Condyloid

_______ joint - has a spindle-like shape in which one somewhat flattened convex surface articulates with a fairly deep concave surface.

Ellipsoid

______ /_______ Joint ( reciprocal reception joint) - ex. 1st CMC joint (thumb; flexion, extension in sagittal plane; abduction, adduction in frontal plane; opposition of the thumb).

Saddle/Double plane

_______ Joint - ex. Joints between carpal bones; sternoclavicular joint.

Plane

____ _ ______/_______ Joint - ex. Glenohumeral joint; coxofemoral joint.

Ball and socket/ enarthrosis

_______ of the displacement: Full ROM, limited ROM, excessive ROM.

Magnitude

For osteo - _______/gonio (common).

linear

For arthro - x-rays/musculoskeletal _______.

ultrasound

Rate of change in displacement: Velocity (_______); acceleration (_____).

Constant, change