genes and health

What presses down and covers the opening of the trachea

Epiglottis

Protective layer found in the outer layer of the lungs

Pleural membrane

What happens mechanism wise when inhalation takes place

Ribcage up and out

Intercostal muscle contract

Diaphragm contracts

What happens mechanism wise when exhilation takes place

Increase volume in chest cavity - lower the atmospheric pressure

Air flows into lungs (to a lower pressure)

Composition of inhaled air

O2 - 21

Co2 - 0.03

N2 - 78

Composition of air exhaled

O2 - 16

Co2 - 4

N2 -78

Is inhalation active or passive

active

Is exhalation active or passive

Passive

Role of cilia and mucus

1. Pathogens trapped by mucus

2. Cilia sweeps the mucus to the back of the throat

3. Mucus is swollen

4. Mucus enters stomach and pathogens are killed by stomach acid - hcl

What does the goblet cell so

Secretes mucus

Name of bottom membrane in CFTR channel

Basal

Name of top membrane in CFTR channel

Apical

Normal mechanism of ciliated epithelial membrane - Response to dry mucus following exercise

1. Cl- pumped across basal membrane into epithelial cell (at)

2. Cl- diffuse across the apical membrane through CFTR protein from higher Cl- to a lower Cl- (fd)

3. The mucus now has higher solute conc than cell (hypertonic)

4. H2o diffuses into mucus by osmosis ensuring mucus is runny

Cystic fibrosis - CFTR protein channel does not work

CFTR cannot move Cl- across the apical membrane

Na+ channel allows Na+ to diffuse into the epithelial cell

The inside of the epithelial cell becomes hypertonic higher solute concentration

Water diffuses from the mucus into the epithelial cell by osmosis

The mucus becomes thick and sticky

Mucus is too thick and sticky

Mucus is too thick ti be moved by cilia and blocks ducts in the body

Functions of proteins

Transport

Catalyst

Hormones - chemical messengers - communication

Structure

Defence - antigen - antibodies

Muscle contraction

What elements are found in protein

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Primary structure of protein

Proteins are polymers built up from units called amino acids

What amino acid is formed in protein when r side group is - H

Glycine

What amino acid is formed in protein when r side group is - CH3

Alanine

What amino acid is formed in protein when r side group is - C3H6

valine

What amino acid is formed in protein when r side group is - CH2SH

Cysteine

R group in protein

Variable group

R group can be polar/non polar

They give amino acids specific properties