Institutional Racism

Achievement Gap

Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students.

Cross-Institutional Advantage

People are positively served across multiple institutions.

Cross-Institutional Disadvantage

People are negatively served across multiple institutions.

Cumulative Advantage

Advantage that builds over the life course.

Cumulative Disadvantage

Disadvantage that builds over the life course.

Environmental Racism

The practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than White people.

Institutional Racism

A society’s production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups.

Intergenerational Advantage

Advantage that is passed from parents to children.

Intergenerational Disadvantage

Disadvantage that is passed from parents to children.

Mass Deportation

An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective.

Mass Incarceration

An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective.

Redlining

Refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor and minority neighborhoods.

Resource Deserts

Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities.

School-to-Prison Pipeline

A practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system.