IB Biology Topic 2.1 & 2.2

Vitalism

the theory that the origin and phenomena of life are dependent on a force distinct from chemical or physical forces.

Urea

byproduct of human metabolism, created in a lab by Friedrich Wöhler, which disproved vitalism.

hydroxyl

-OH

amine

-NH2

carboxyl

-COOH

methyl

-CH3

Ribose

5 carbon monosaccharide. Hydroxyl groups point up, down, down.

alpha glucose

6 carbon monosaccharide. Hydroxyl groups point down, down, up, down.

beta glucose

6 carbon monosaccharide. Hydroxyl groups point up, down, up, down.

saturated fatty acids

unbranched C chains saturated with H, connected by single bonds

CHONS

Protein acronym

CHO

Carbohydrates acronym

CHOP

Lipids acronym

CHONP

Nucleic acids acronym

1:2:1

ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in carbohydrates

less

Lipids contain (less/more) Oxygen than Carbohydrates

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

anabolism

Monomers → Polymers. Requires energy

catabolism

Polymers → Monomers. Releases energy

hydrogen electronegativity

low, has partial positive charge

oxygen electronegativity

high, has partial negative charge

water molecule

each hydrogen atom is joined to the water's lone oxygen atom by a single covalent bond; each hydrogen atom shares an electron with the oxygen atom (not equally)

cohesion of water

water molecules stick together via hydrogen bond

adhesion of water

binding of water molecules with other polar molecules, causing water to stick to them via hydrogen bond

High specific heat capacity

high amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C

High latent heat of vaporization

high amount of energy required for 1 g of water to be converted from the liquid to the vapor phase

high boiling point

Water has a boiling point of 100°C at atmospheric pressure

High Latent Heat of Fusion

amount of energy required for 1 g of water to be
converted from the solid to the liquid phase

water and methane

Water has higher thermal properties since water forms hydrogen bonds (polar) whereas methane can not (non-polar).

solvent property of water

Water is commonly referred to as the universal solvent, Medium for metabolic reactions.

hydrophobic interaction

weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water combine to exclude water

Water transparency

Creates suitable habitat for underwater organisms

Sweat

Cools body through water's high latent heat of vaporization. Heat needed for evaporation of water in sweat is taken from skin tissue, reducing temperature.

Sodium chloride solubility

freely soluble. Dissolves into Na and Cl ions which are carried in blood plasma.

Amino acid solubility

Soluble in water, but solubility varies depending on R group. All soluble enough to be carried through blood plasma.

Glucose solubility

Freely soluble in water, then carried by blood plasma.

Oxygen solubility

Non-polar, sparingly dissolved, water becomes saturated w/ oxygen. Binds to hemoglobin and increases capacity of blood for oxygen transport.

Fats molecules solubility

Non-polar and insoluble. Carried in blood by lipoprotein complexes made from phospholipids.

Phospholipid

Hydrophilic phosphate heads, hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails.

Cholesterol solubility

Hydrophobic, transported with fats in lipoprotein complexes.