AUBF Recalls

What is the best way to break the chain of infection?

handwashing / hand hygiene

Applying cosmetics falls into which mode of transmission?

Ingestion

What is the 3-Link Chain of Infection?

Infectious Agent / Source → Mode of Transmission → Susceptible Host

What is the color of the Biohazard Symbol?

Fluorescent Orange (Henry’s)

Red Orange (Rodak’s)

How do you prepare 0.5% (1:10) bleach solution?

1 part bleach (6% Sodium hypochlorite)+ 9 parts water

In the biohazard symbol, what direction does the syringe face?

northwest direction

What is the proper labeling of reagents and chemicals?

a. Toxic and Non-Toxic

b. Hazardous, Non-Hazardous, Very Hazardous

c. Carcinogenic, Flammable, Corrosive, Poisonous, Explosive

c. Carcinogenic, Flammable, Corrosive, Poisonous, Explosive

(according to their particular hazard)

Which of the following is not included in the MSDS?

a. physical property

b. reactivity potential

c. primary route of entry

d. card catalogue

d. card catalogue

These are substances that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus.

Teratogen/s

Father of Handwashing

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Each kidney contains approximately _____ nephrons.

1 to 1.5 million

Which blood vessel supplies blood to the kidneys?

renal artery

What are the different processes involved in the urine formation?

• glomerular filtration

• tubular reabsorption

  • tubular secretion

Which of the following systems is responsible for salt reabsorption?

a. Aldosterone

b. ADH

c. Renin

d. RAAS

d. RAAS

What is the greatest source of error in any clearance test?

improperly timed urine specimens

When is the plasma/serum specimen collected for plasma/serum creatinine?

midpoint of the 24-hour urine collection

What is the most frequently used formula for the eGFR?

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)

Which MDRD formula includes BUN and Albumin?

MDRD (6 Parameters; latest)

Which parameters are included in the Cockroft and Gault Formula?

“BASS”

Body Weight

Age

Sex

Serum Creatinine

Passive reabsorption of water takes place in all parts of the nephron except _______.

ascending loop of henle

What is the Sodium Renal Threshold?

110 to 130 mmol/L

this measures only the number of particles in a solution

osmolality test

this is used as a preservative for protein and albumin determination

boric acid

Which preservative is used for drug analysis?

Sodium fluoride

Which analytes exhibit diurnal variation, thus a need for 24-hour urine specimen?

• catecholamines

• 17-hydroxysteroids

• electrolytes

Which fluid is used to calibrate the baseline of a urinometer?

water

This is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution (urine).

Refractometer

The refractometer provides the distinct advantage of determining specific gravity using a small volume of specimen. How many drops is needed?

one or two drops

A specimen diluted with 1:5 with a reading of 1.010 would have an actual SG of:

a. 1.050

b. 5.050

c. 1.015

a. 1.050

How many grams of protein does a normal urine contain in 24 hours?

<150 grams

What is the minimum sensitivity of reagengt strip for ALBUMIN?

10 mg/dL

Which of the following reagents has the highest sensitivity to albumin?

a. DIDNTB or bis(3',3"-diiodo-4',4"-dihydroxy-5',5"-dinitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromosulfonephthalein

b. DBDH or diisopropyl benzene dihydroperoxide

c. TMB or 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine

d. tetraphenol blue

a. DIDNTB or bis(3',3"-diiodo-4',4"-dihydroxy-5',5"-dinitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromosulfonephthalein

What is the abnormal A:C ratio?

3.4 to 33.9 mg/mmol

(+) SSA

(-) Reagent Strip

a. Albuminuria

b. Proteinuria other than albumin

c. NOTA

b. Proteinuria other than albumin

*SSA = detects all forms of protein

*Rgt Strip = sensitive to albumin

Which is/are associated with hyperglycemia?

a. Diabetes mellitus

b. Phaeochromocytoma

c. Acromegaly

d. Cushing Syndrome

e. AOTA

e. AOTA

Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid causes false negative to which parameters?

• Blood

• Bilirubin

• LE

• Nitrite

• Glucose

WHICH OF THE FF IS NOT A COMPONENT OF CLINITEST TABLET?

A.Copper sulfate

B.Sodium carbonate

C.Sodium citrate /citric acid

D. Lactose

D. Lactose

Which parameters have a Purple Positive Reaction?

“BKL”

• bilirubin

• ketones

• LE

Which parameter has the longest reading time, and the least sensitive to time?

LE

What is the primary microscopic urine finding in RENAL CALCULI?

hematuria

Which of the following is oxidized in the priniciple of blood reagent strip?

a. heme

b. hydrogen peroxide

c. chromogen

c. chromogen

Most difficult parameter to interpret

BILIRUBIN

*easily influenced by other pigments present in urine

Most affected parameter using a REFRIGERATED urine sample

glucose

Most affected parameter using an UNMIXED urine sample

blood

The only analyte that is normally found in urine, and gives a normal result

urobilinogen

6 mg/dl of urobilinogen is equivalent to how many ehrlichs unit?

6 Ehrlich unit

*1:1 ratio

Which bacteria are Nitrite (+)?

a. gram positive cocci

b. gram positive bacilli

c. gram negative cocci

d. gram negative bacilli

d. gram negative bacilli

What is the minimum amount of microorganisms to be able to have a positive nitrite reaction?

100,000 organisms / mL (1 × 10⁵ CFU)

presence / increased WBC in urine

pyuria

What is the precursor of clue cells?

Squamous Epithelial Cells

How do you differentiate Spherical transitional epithelial cell from RTE cells?

transitional epithelial cells have CENTRALLY-LOCATED NUCLEUS

the precursor of oval fat bodies

RTE Cells

Candida albicans is seen in urine with which condition?

• diabetic (DM)

• immunocompromised px

• women with vaginal moniliasis

favorable urine condition for YEASTS

acidic urine with glucose

Term used for the presence of CASTS in urine

CYLINDRURIA

These are formed in the ALH and DCT, and are a product of incomplete cast formation and disintegration. They have the same significance as casts.

cylindroids

Which CASTS are seen in chronic kidney disorders?

• waxy casts

• broad casts

These are casts that are brittle and highly refractile, and often appear fragmented with jagged ends.

wacy casts

What is the composition of granular dirty brown casts?

methemoglobin

Which tests are used to differentiate RTE Casts from WBC Casts?

• supravital stain

• phase-contrast microscopy

• Papanicolaou stain

What is the major constituent of CASTS?

uromodulin or Tamm-Horsfall Protein

What is the most frequently performed cell counting in synovial fluid?

A. WBC

B. RBC

C. TOTAL

D. PLATELET

A. WBC

Which is not a diluting fluid for joint fluid counting?

A. NSS with saponin

B. Acetic acid

C. Hypotonic saline

D. NOTA

B. Acetic acid

*sample may clot with the addition of acetic acid

Synovial fluid collection should be done using a:

A. Lancet

B. Tube

C. Syringe with heparin

D. Drill

C. Syringe with heparin

Powdered anticoagulant should be avoided if we perform what test on a synovial fluid?

A. Cell counting

B. Crystal identification

C. Microbial testing

D. Glucose determination

B. Crystal identification

These are inclusions with ground pepper appearance:

A. Ochronotic shards

B. Cartilage cells

C. Rice bodies

A. Ochronotic shards

ascitic fluid is also known as?

peritoneal fluid

a milky synovial fluid is indicative of?

crystals

black PLEURAL FLUID is indicative of?

Asperigillus infection

What is the correct term for the method of collection of ascitic fluid?

A. Arthrocentesis

B. Pericardiocentesis

C. Paracentesis

C. Paracentesis

Which is not a cause of transudative effusion?

A. Malignancy

B. Hepatic cirrhosis

C. CHF

D. Severe burns

A. Malignancy

A black colored pleural fluid suggests:

A. Charcoal ingestion

B. Fungal infection

C. Microbial infection

D. Thoracic duct leakage

B. Fungal infection

*Aspergillosis

Milky peritoneal fluid:

A. due to crystals

B. due to chylous effusion

C. due to lymphatic obstruction

C. due to lymphatic obstruction

These are concentric striations of collagen-like material

A. Mesothelial cells

B. Liphopages

C. Psamomma bodies

D.Mama mia bodies

C. Psamomma bodies

The proper collection of pleural fluid for pH measurement:

A. Anaerobic sampling technique using heparin while placing the specimen on ice

B. Aspiration technique in EDTA

C. Mouth to mouth collection via a drainage tube

A. Anaerobic sampling technique using heparin while placing the specimen on ice

A maximum of ___mL of amniotic fluid is collected for testing.

30 mL

What week of gestation is amniocentesis a generally safe procedure?

14^th Week

Which pigment is responsible for the meconium’s green color?

biliverdin

O.D 450 measurement:

A. Oxyhemoglobin

B. Lamellar bodies

C. Bilirubin

C. Bilirubin

*OD 410 = oxyhemoglobin

*OD 650 = Lamellar Bodies

Which two test can be used to diagnose NTDs?

A. Creatinine and AFP

B. AFP and L/C ratio

C. AFP and acetylcholine esterase

D. AFP and PNP

C. AFP and acetylcholine esterase

Defined as the newborn's first passed stool

A. Feces

B. Meconium

C. Meconyam

B. Meconium

Which of the following analyte should be monitored and plotted in Liley graph?

A. Rh

B. Bilirubin

C. AFP

D. Creatinine

B. Bilirubin

*Liley Graph → measurement of HDN severity = ↑ B1

All of the following are FLM test, EXCEPT:

A. L/S ratio

B. Phospatidyl glycerol

C. Fern test

D. Microviscosity

C. Fern test

A mother wants to know if her child is positive for trisomy 21 condition. What should the physician do?

A. Perform Amniocentesis during 15th week of gestation

B. Request the patient to split and examine thoroughly

C. Perform amniocentesis starting 20th week of gestation

A. Perform Amniocentesis during 15th week of gestation

Amniotic fluid is a:

A. Product of fetal metabolism

B. Product of vaginal secretion

C. Product of maternal urine

A. Product of fetal metabolism

What is the normal allowable amniotic fluid volume collected?

A. 10ml

B. 20ml

C. 30 ml

D. 1000 ml

C. 30 ml

Why is RBC Count done with CSF?

Done only in cases of traumatic tap to correct Total Protein and WBC Count.

What is the purpose of methylene blue in WBC Count?

provides better visualization between PMNs and Mononuclear cells

What should be added to CSF to increase cell yield?

30% Albumin

Which of the following cells are considered SIGNIFICANT in CSF?

a. monocyte

b. lymphocyte

c. neutrophils

d. choroidal cells

c. neutrophils

a carbohydrate-deficient transferrin that is found in CSF, but NOT IN SERUM

TAU PROTEIN

Blood Glucose = 100 mg/dL

What is the expected NORMAL CSF GLUCOSE?

a. 70 mg/dL

b. 100 mg/dL

c. 50 mg/dL

d. AOTA

a. 70 mg/dL

*60-70 mg/dL

Which is not a collection method for CSF?

A. Spinal tap

B. Sub-occipital tap

C. Cisternal puncture

D. Ejaculation

D. Ejaculation

NOT True about traumatic tap:

A. Clotted

B. No hemosiderin

C. Streaking of blood during collection

D. Xanthochromia

D. Xanthochromia

Myelin basic protein is used to monitor:

A. Meningitis

B. Multiple sclerosis

C. Reye syndrome

B. Multiple sclerosis

Increased CSF protein can seen in what condition?

A. Meningitis

B. Water intoxication

C. Recent puncture

A. Meningitis

The importance of doing CSF electrophoresis:

A. Detection of two or more oligoclonal bands

B. Detection of meningitis

C. Detection of multiple myeloma

A. Detection of two or more oligoclonal bands

The normal blue colored reagent in limulus lysate test is due to:

A. Hemoglobin

B. Hemocyanin

C. Hemopexin

B. Hemocyanin

Any excess CSF sample should be ...

A. Left at room temperature

B. Frozen

C. Disposed with precaution

D. Gargled

B. Frozen