ethnicity

keys stats

blacks 9x, asians 2x more likely to be stopped and searched than yt people. philips+bowling (overpoliced, under protected) terrorism act

prison → black makes make up 3% of pop but 13% of prison pop. asians 6% but 8%

court stats → EM more likely to be given a longer sentence

3 reasons for stop and search patterns

1. police racism → macpherson report

2. may simply just be ethnic differences in offending

3. demography → EM over represented in groups that are often stopped. LOCALITY THEORY

institutional racism

holdaway → canteen culture

informal everyday attitudes that police develop to cope with strain of police life. racism, sexism, stereotyping. reinforces discriminatory practices and reflects in decision making

IR ao3

effort to tackle issues have been made (body cams, diversity training, community liaison officers)

but are they effective

gilroy

crime is socially constructed, hence unreliable stats

‘myth of black criminality’ → appear more in stats but in reality are not any more or less deviant

black ppl often commit political acts of resistance to fight oppression and police discrimination/harrasment in racist society

hall

1970s uk gov created moral panic around black muggers.

during economic crisis, used as a scapegoat/diversion to hide issues

lea + young + ao3

EM do commit more crime but this is due to social conditions. relative dep, marginalisation, subcultures.

ao3 → not all EM join subcultures, focuses on street crime and ignores white collar crime

gilroy ao3

lea and young → romanticises criminals, no evidence that black youths see crime as revolutionary

victimisation

mix(27%) blk(18%) asian(15) yt(15)

individual selected as a target due to race, ethnicity or religion (macpherson report)

in news → over presented as offenders, under represented as victims. this reinforces stereotypes and fuels moral panics.

ao3 → hard to measure how much the media actually causes public fear (active)