BSC2085 Final Exam

anatomy

study of structure or form

physiology

study of function

levels of organization

cell

tissue

organ

organ systems

organism

what are the characteristics of life?

-organization

-cellular composition

-metabolism

-responsiveness and movement

-reproduction

-homeostasis

-development

-evolution

homeostasis

the ability to maintain a stable internal environment

negative feedback

the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate that change

positive feedback

the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that will amplify that change

what are the components of the feedback loop?

-receptor

-integrating center

-effector

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right portions

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right portions

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior portions

ventral

toward the front or belly

dorsal

toward the back or spine

anterior

toward the ventral (front) side

posterior

toward the dorsal (back) side

cephalic

toward the head/superior end

rostral

toward the forehead/nose

caudal

toward the tail/inferior end

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the median plane

lateral

away from the medial plane

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on opposite sides of the body

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

farther from the body surface

what are the four quadrants?

-RUQ

-RLQ

-LUQ

-LLQ

what are the nine regions of the abdomen?

-right hypochondriac

-epigastric

-left hypochondriac

-right lumbar

-umbilical

-left lumbar

-right iliac

-hypogastric

-left iliac

what are the 3 meninges that line the cranium and spinal cord?

-dura mater

-arachnoid mater

-pia mater

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

what structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

the diaphragm

thoracic cavity

contains the heart and lungs

pleural cavities

contain the lungs

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

pericardium

the two-layered membrane that lines the heart

what are the two layers of the pericardium

-visceral pericardium that lines the surface of the heart

-parietal pericardium is the outer layer

pleura

the serous membrane that enfolds the lungs

what are the two layers of the pleura?

-visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungs

-parietal pleura lines the inside of the rib cage

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

composed of digestive organs, spleen, and kidneys

pelvic cavity

composed of bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

peritoneum

two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

what are the two layers of peritoneum?

-visceral peritoneum lines the surface of the organs and separates them from the cavity walls

-parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

ion

an atom that has more or less electrons than protons, thus giving it a negative or positive charge

anion

a negatively charged ion

cation

a positively charged ion

what are the four types of bonds found in the body?

-hydrogen bonds

-ionic bonds

-polar covalent bonds

-nonpolar covalent bonds

ionic bonds

bond created when electrons are donated between atoms

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

nonpolar covalent bond

strongest type of bond; equal sharing of electrons between atoms

hydrogen bond

weakest type of bond formed with hydrogen atoms that can be broken easily

some examples of anions in the body

-oxide

-hydride

-chloride

-fluoride

-nitride

-bromide

-iodide

-sulfide

some examples of cations in the body

-potassium

-sodium

-hydrogen

-calcium

-aluminium

example of an ionic bond

sodium chloride

example of polar covalent bond

water

example of nonpolar covalent bond

oils and fats (C-H) (C-C)

example of hydrogen bond

water

why is water a good solvent?

water is polar covalent because there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, making water easy to break up

combination reactions

synthesis reactions that always involve forming a bond (A + B -> AB)

decomposition reactions

reactions that involve breaking down compounds into smaller components (AB -> A + B)

exchange reactions

reactions involving bonds that are made and broken (AB + C -> AC + B)

reversible reactions

reaction where the reactants form products that, in turn, react to given the reactants back

monomer

subunits of polymers (glucose)

polymers

a substance made up of repetitive series of identical monomers (starch is made up of glucose)

carbohydrates

supplies a source of cellular fuel

what is the general chemical formula of a carbohydrate?

CH2O

what types of bonds are found in carbohydrates?

hydrogen and covalent bonds

are carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

monosaccharide

composed of monomers

disaccharide

sugars composed of two monosaccharides

polysaccharide

long chains of monosaccharides

what is the storage form of glucose?

glycogen

where is glycogen stored?

liver and skeletal muscle

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

what is the structure of a triglyceride?

a molecule consisting of a three-carbon alcohol linked to three fatty acids

triglyceride

serve as energy storage, thermal insulation, bind organs together, and cushion organs

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

have polar and nonpolar ends

phospholipid

primary structural components of the plasma membrane

what is the structure of a steroid?

a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in a ring

cholesterol

the "parent" steroid from which other steroids are synthesized

what are 2 key functions of cholesterol in the body?

-structural component of the cell membranes

-serves as a digestive secretion in bile

amino acids

the basic building blocks of proteins

what type of bonds unit amino acids?

peptide bonds

are proteins are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

catalyst

lowers the activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur

primary structure

a protein's sequence of amino acids, which is encoded in the genes

secondary structure

a coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure

formed by the further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes

quaternary structure

the association of two or more polypeptide chains by noncovalent forces such as ionic bonds and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions

enzyme

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst

what are two factors that change the shape of an enzyme?

temperature and pH tend to destroy or alter the ability of an enzyme to bind with its substrates, thus rendering it useless

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

what is ATP composed of?

-a nitrogen-containing base adenine

-the sugar ribose

-3 phosphate groups

what function does ATP play in cellular metabolism?

it is the energy source that drives cellular activity

where is ATP made?

mitochondria

cytoplasm

the fluid inside the cell that suspends the organelles