pysch unit 1 aos 3

controlled experiment

investigates the relationship between one or more IVs and a DV while controlling other variables

case study

in-depth investigation of a specific event, beavhiour, or problem, often involving a small group or individual

classification and identification

organising objects, events, or behaviours into categories based on shared characteristics

correlational study

observes and records relationships between variables without manipulation

fieldwork

investigating phenomena in real-world setting through direct observation, interviews, or surveys

literature review

analyzing existing reserach to summarize knowledge on a topic

ethics

moral principles and standards of behaviour that must be followed when conducting sceintific research or treating patients

role of exeperimenter

must act in a professional manner and must act in the best interests of participants and society

princple of research

no physical or psychological harm to participants

general ethical concepts

beneficence, integrity, justice, non-maleficence, respect

beneficience

maximizing benefits and minimizing risks and harms in research

integrity

commitment to truth, honest reporting of all data

justice

fair treatment, fair distribution of benefits

non-maleficence

avoiding harm

respect

acknowledging the intrinsic and intrsumental value of living things

participant rights

confidentiality, voluntary participation, informed consent, withdrawal rights, deception, debriefing

confidentiality

all personal info must be kept private

voluntary participation

participants must not be forced to take part in the study

informed consent

paricipants must be fully informed abnout the study’s nature, risks, and their rights before giving consent

withdrawal rights

participants can leave the study at any time and request their data be removedd

deception

allowed only if necessary to maintain accuracy of results, must not cause distress, participants must be debriefed afyerwards

debriefing

participants must be informed of the study’s nature, results, and conclusions at the end.

independent variable

manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variabled

dependent varaible

the vairable used to measure the effects of IV

extraneous variables

a variable other than the IV that may or may not cause a change in DV

confounding variables

a variable other than the IV that definitely has an unwatned effect on the DV. extraneous becomes confounding if not controlled

writing an aim

to investigate the effect of IV on DV

writing a hypothetsis

it is hypothesised that [population + IV] will have a [direction + DV] as comapred with [IV]

primary data

collected from first-hand experience for an intended purpose

secondary data

obtained second-hand from research conducted or data collected by someone else for another purpose

qualitative data

describes characteristics and qualities

quantitative data

includes measurable values and quantities, can be compared on a numerical scale

trend

a general change in one variable comapred to another

reliability

the ability for anyone to repeat an exepriment with any group of participants and obtain the same results

indicators of reliability

repeatability and reproducibility

repeatability

how close results are when the investigation is repeated under the same conditions

reproducibility

how close results are when the investigation is repeated under different conditions

validity

the extent to which an experiment accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure

internal validity

refers to whether a study actually investigates what it claims to investigate. if internal validity is low, conclusions cannot be drawn

external validity

refers to whether the results can be applied to similar individuals in a different setting. if external validity is low, the results cannot be generalised to the population

writing conclusions

a decision about what the results mean, and if any systematic or random errors occured, they must be discussed to avoid them in future research.