lecture 2 plant anatomy

characteristics of plants

eukaryotic, multi, photo autotrophs, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, starch storage, cellulose walls, alternation of generations

sporophyte dominant plants

diploid dominant life cycle; meiosis produces gametes

sporophyte dominant examples

ferns, vascular plants

gametophyte dominant plants

haploid dominant; mitosis produces gametes

gametophyte dominant examples

mosses, nonvascular plants

adaptations to land: water exchange

cuticle (waxy covering) and stomata

adaptations to land: vascular system

support against gravity; xylem transports water up, phloem transports photosynthetic products down and across

adapatations to land: structural support

lignin, found in secondary cell walls of woody plants

adaptations to land: pollen transport

animals or wind

adaptations to land: zygote kept moist in

archegonia

nonvascular, spore bearing

bryophyes; mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

vascular, spore bearing

lower tracheophytes; ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails, club mosses

vascular, seed bearing

higher tracheophytes, pines, cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, flowering plants

bryophytes environment

must grow in moist environments (pacific NW); need water film for sperm motility; lack waxy cuticle

bryophytes anatomy

lack vascular tissue, rhizoids - limits growth; homosporous, no true roots, stems, leaves;

bryophytes reproduction

sexually

bryophytes examples

Mnium

moss protonema

bryophyte

Polytrichium capsule

bryophyte

Sphagnum leaf

bryophyte

bryophytes - liverworts

phylum hepatophyta

reproduce sexually; can be asex by producing gemmae; more primitive than mosses; likely similar to first land plants; flattened leafy like appearance

Marchantia

liverwort

bryophytes - hornworts

phylum anthocerophyta

more closely related to vascular plants than other bryophytes

lower tracheophytes

better adapted to land, but need moist environments, need water for sperm motility, have vascular tissue for taller growth and tracheids in xylem; sporophyte dominant life cycle; homosporous - bisexual gametophyte that forms egg and sperm; many have true roots, stems and leaves

club moss or ground pine

phylum lycophyta

have true leaves; gametophyte is dependent on symbiotic fungi to develop; some can be epiphytic; horizontal stem called rhizome; flagellated sperm

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

phylum pterophyta/monilophyta

ferns are incompletely adapted to land, with flagellated sperm and gametophyte depend on water; true roots, stems, and leaves - rhizomes, fronds, fiddleheads; spores produced by structures on undersides of the fronds called sori; gametophys on same plant mature at different times to reduce self fertilization

horsetails and whisk ferns

modern horsetails belong to the only surviving genus of Equisetum - called scouring rushes, have true roots, stems, and small leaves; whisk ferns lack true and appear like a green stem with yellow bulbs

fern sori

lower tracheophytes

fern atheridia and archegonia

lower tracheophyte

fern young sporophyte

lower tracheophyte

higher tracheophyte

higher adapted to land, with lignin in secondary cell walls; have vascular tissue for taller growth; presence of tracheids in xylem; sporophyte dominant; gametophyte is reduced non photo and inside sporophyte; true; heterosporous - spores of different sizes and types. megaspores are eggs and micro are pollem

higher tracheophytes - gymnosperms naked seed

gemale gametophyte is inside ovulate cone; male is inside pollen cone; only has tracheids in xylem

higher tracheophytes - angiosperms flowering plants

female is in ovary of carpel; male is anther of stamen; have tracheids and vessel elements in xylem; double fertilization; some are carnivorous

conifers

phylum coniferophyta

conifers characteristic

include pines, firs, cedars, and spruce trees

usually occur in cooler climates

bear cones with woody protective structures

leaves are modified into needles

pine pollen

conifers

pine ovulate cone and staminate cone

conifers

cycads

phylum cycadophytac

cycads characteristics

includes sago palm

resemble palms but are not (palms are angio)

maidenhair trees or gingkos

phylum ginkgophyta

ginkgos characteristics

only one living species - Ginkgo biloba

deciduous leaves unlike other gymno

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gnetophytes

phylym gnetophyta

gnetophytes characteristics

includes mormon tea and Ephedra

species within genus Welwitschia has veyr large leaves

monocots

class monocotyledonaem

monocots characteristics

have one embryonic leaf during development

onions, bananas, pineapples, garlic, wheat, rice, corn, sugar cane, bamboo, lillies, daffodils, irises, and tulips

dicots/eudicots characteristics

two embryonic leaves

includes non-woody dicots like sunflowers (Helianthus), dandelions, chrysanthemums, and cabbage

woody dicots like magnolia, apple trees, maple trees, and macademia trees

dicots/eudicots

class dicotyledonae

flowering plant life cycle

flowering plant anatomy

Hepatophyta-liverworts

Anthocerophyta- hornworts

Bryophyta-moss

Lycopodium

Fern fronds

Fern isoetes

Phylum cycadophyta sago palms and cycads

Phylum gnetophsta. Genetophstes, ephedra, and Mormon tea

Phylum ginkgophyta - maidenhair tree, ginkgo

Phylum coniferophyta - firs cedars, pines, spruce

1. Ovulate cone

2. Pine seeds

3. Pine life cycle cones and twigs

4. Pine staminate cone

5. Pines cones seeds

Fern rhizomes

Fern fiddleheads

moss antheridia