Physical Education & Health – Course Outcome 1 (Lecture Notes Summary)

Vocabulary flashcards covering major terms and concepts from the Physical Education & Health lecture notes, spanning constitutional foundations, curriculum strands, anatomy, skeletal system, joint movement, and factors affecting bone health.

Physical Education (PE)

Curricular area that promotes physical, mental, social, and emotional development through movement and fitness activities.

1986 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV §19

Mandates promotion of physical education and sports to foster self-discipline, teamwork, excellence, and a healthy citizenry.

K to 12 PE Curriculum

Curriculum whose core is fitness and movement education aimed at achieving and maintaining health-related fitness and optimizing health.

Health-Related Fitness (HRF)

Level of fitness associated with disease prevention and health promotion, emphasized in the K-12 PE program.

Physical Literacy

Ability, confidence, and desire to be physically active for life, developed through the PE learning strands.

Learning Strand 1: Body Management

Content area covering body and space awareness, movement qualities, and relationships in varied activities.

Learning Strand 2: Movement Skills

Focuses on fundamental movement patterns and motor skills underlying all physical activities.

Learning Strand 3: Games and Sports

Includes simple, lead-up, indigenous games and individual, dual, and team sports for recreation and competition.

Learning Strand 4: Rhythms and Dances

Covers rhythmic patterns, Philippine folk, indigenous, traditional, and other dance forms.

Learning Strand 5: Physical Fitness

Involves fitness assessment, interpretation, planning, and implementation of programs supporting health goals.

PE Misconception: ‘Just Sports’

False belief that PE is only about sports, ignoring its physical, social, and emotional benefits.

PE Misconception: ‘Easy Subject’

Erroneous view that PE requires little effort; in reality it demands discipline, skill, and practice.

PE Misconception: ‘Only for Athletes’

Idea that PE suits only athletic students, discouraging others from participation.

PE Misconception: ‘Not Important’

Perception that PE is less valuable than academic subjects, overlooking its role in lifelong health.

Human Anatomy

Scientific study of body structures; term derives from Greek for ‘to cut apart.’

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Study of large structures visible without magnification.

Microscopic Anatomy

Study of structures observable only with a microscope.

Regional Anatomy

Examines interrelationships of structures within a specific body region.

Systemic Anatomy

Studies structures that compose a body system working together to perform a function.

Physiology

Science of how body structures function chemically and physically.

Sagittal Plane

Imaginary plane dividing body into right and left parts.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Plane dividing body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

Transverse Plane

Plane dividing body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Atom

Smallest unit of an element, foundational level of structural organization.

Molecule

Chemical building block formed by bonded atoms, composing body structures.

Cell

Smallest independently functioning unit of living organisms.

Tissue

Group of similar cells performing a specific function.

Organ

Structure composed of two or more tissue types performing specialized tasks.

Organ System

Group of organs working together to perform major bodily functions.

Organism

Living being able to perform all physiological functions necessary for life.

Metabolism

Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions; obeys first law of thermodynamics.

Responsiveness

Ability to adjust to internal or external environmental changes.

Human Movement

Actions at joints and motion of organs and cells enabling posture, circulation, etc.

Differentiation

Process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

Growth

Increase in body size through cell enlargement and proliferation.

Reproduction

Biological process by which organisms give rise to offspring, ensuring species survival.

Axial Skeleton

80-bone framework forming head, neck, thorax, and vertebral column; protects vital organs.

Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones of limbs and girdles, providing mobility (upper) and stability (lower).

Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Hard, dense connective tissue forming the adult skeleton.

Cartilage

Semi-rigid connective tissue providing flexibility and smooth joint surfaces.

Red Bone Marrow

Marrow type that produces red and white blood cells and platelets.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Marrow rich in fat cells; increases with age and stores energy.

Hematopoiesis

Formation of blood cells occurring in red bone marrow.

Long Bone

Cylinder-shaped bone longer than wide (e.g., femur); functions as lever.

Short Bone

Cube-like bone approximately equal in length, width, thickness (e.g., carpals); provides stability.

Flat Bone

Thin, often curved bone (e.g., ribs) providing muscle attachment and organ protection.

Irregular Bone

Complex-shaped bone (e.g., vertebra) not fitting other categories.

Sesamoid Bone

Small round bone embedded in tendons under pressure (e.g., patella).

Joint (Articulation)

Connection between bones allowing movement; stabilized by ligaments.

Ligament

Tough fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone at joints.

Flexion

Movement decreasing joint angle, usually anterior in sagittal plane.

Extension

Movement increasing joint angle, usually posterior in sagittal plane.

Abduction

Movement away from body midline in frontal plane.

Adduction

Movement toward body midline in frontal plane.

Lateral Flexion

Side-bending movement of trunk or neck away from midline.

Rotation

Turning movement around a longitudinal axis (right or left).

Retraction

Scapular movement toward the spine in transverse plane.

Protraction

Scapular movement away from the spine in transverse plane.

Eversion

Abducting the foot; sole turns outward.

Inversion

Adducting the foot; sole turns inward.

Dorsiflexion

Ankle flexion moving foot upward in sagittal plane.

Plantar Flexion

Ankle extension moving foot downward in sagittal plane.

Pronation

Combined foot movements of abduction and eversion.

Supination

Combined foot movements of adduction and inversion.

Fracture

Break in a bone; classified by pattern and skin involvement.

Closed Reduction

Non-surgical realignment of a fractured bone to anatomical position.

Open Reduction

Surgical exposure and realignment of a fractured bone.

Transverse Fracture

Break straight across bone’s long axis.

Oblique Fracture

Break at a non-90° angle to long axis.

Spiral Fracture

Bone segments pulled apart by twisting forces.

Comminuted Fracture

Fracture producing several small pieces between two main segments.

Impacted Fracture

One bone fragment driven into another due to compression.

Greenstick Fracture

Partial break where only one side of bone is fractured; common in children.

Open (Compound) Fracture

Bone break where at least one fragment pierces the skin, risking infection.

Closed (Simple) Fracture

Bone break without skin penetration.

Bone Mass Density (BMD)

Amount of mineral content in bone; influenced by genetics, nutrition, hormones, activity.

Estrogen

Hormone critical for attaining peak bone mass and slowing bone loss.

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstruation that can lower peak bone mass in females.

High-Impact Activity

Weight-bearing exercise (e.g., jumping) that stimulates bone development in youth.