FAM Exam 3

Actinobacillosis

• AKA: woody tounge

• MOA: Actinobacillus lignieresii (G-)

  • Sporadic NOT contagious

  • Entry via Mucosal abrasions

• CS: chronic granulomatous inflam of upper resp, drooling, stridor

• ID: biopsy, culture, sulfur granules

• Tx: Iodine (NaI/KI) until indium, Ceftiofur/penicillins/florfenicol (antibiotics)

  • good prognosis

Actinomycosis

• AKA: lumpy jaw

• MOA: A. bovis (G+)

  • oral abrasions

• CS: osteomyelitis of mandible, painless jaw mass(unless tooth involved), draining tracts(w/ sulfur granules), dropping food

• ID: rads, biopsy, culture

  • DDX: tooth root abscess, fracture

• Tx: Iodine (NaI or KI), Ceftiofur/penicillins/florfenicol (antibiotics), Sx debulking

  • poor prognosis

Papular Stomatitis

• MOA: parapoxvirus: Related to the contagious ecthyma virus of sheep and goats

  • zoonotic, young cattle <1y

    • Direct contact

• CS: oral lesions, circular edema

• Dx: EM of scab lesions- see virus particles

• DDX: BVDV, FMD, VS

• Tx: none, no vaccine

Pseudocowpox

• MOA: Parapoxvirus

  • Milking

  • zoonotic

• CS: red titty/utter papules progress to vesicles, pustules, scabs, horse shoe ring scabs that heal in 7-12d, mastitis

• ID: EM of scabs

• Tx: support

• Control: improve milking hygiene- teat dip

  • Zoonotic Risk! - milkers pox/ hand pox

Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

• Sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas

• MOA: Parapoxvirus

• CS: Scabby lesions on mouth, nostrils, eyes,

  udder, vulva

  • direct contact

• ID: EM, PCR, histopathology, virus isolation

  • DDX: CE, lumpy skin

• Tx: support, vax

  • zoonotic, REPORT

Sheep Pox and Goat Pox

• Reportable Foreign Animal Diseases in USA!

  • Africa, Asia, Europe

• Poxviridae

  • direct contact

• CS:Fever, enlarged lymph nodes, nasal/ocular

  discharge, Skin lesions (muzzle, eyelids, ears, mammary gland,

  etc.)

• Complications: Fly strike, secondary pneumonia

• Dxs: Virus isolation, PCR, serology

• Vaccinate endemic regions

Lumpy Skin Disease

• MOA: Poxviridae

  • biting insects or direct

• CS: Raised nodules on head, neck, udder, perineum, and legs

• Major economic impact due to loss of production

• ID: Virus isolation

  • DDX: CE, SR pox

• Tx: support, vax

Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease

• cows

• MOA: Orbivirus

  • White-tailed deer (acute/fatal), cattle (milder), sheep/goats (subclinical)

  • Culicoides midges

• CS: Fever, anorexia, dehydration, muzzle/oral ulcers, teats/udder redness, conjunctival edema, lameness

• ID: PCR

  • DDX: BT, BVD, FMD, IBR, VSV, MCF

• Tx: NSAIDS, fluids, fly prevention

  • Report in most states

Bluetongue BTV

• sheep

• MOA: Orbivirus

  • Culicoides midges

  • Sheep (severe), deer (severe), cattle (subclinical), goats (subclinical)

• CS: Fever, facial/lip edema(swollen head), frothy salivation, oral/nasal ulcers, lameness, hemorrhagic mucous membranes, PI, abortion, fetal reabsorption, hydranencephaly, cerebral hypoplasaia

• ID: virus isolation, PCR, cELISA

  • DDX: Photosensitization, BVDV, MCF, FMD, snakebite

• Tx: fluids, NSAIDs, Cull, fly control, vax

  • report

Vesicular Stomatitis

• MOA: Rhabdoviridae

  • Cattle, horses, swine, llamas, ruminants

  • midge, blackflies, sandflies

• CS: Vesicles/erosions on mouth(looks like FMD), teats, coronary bands, drooling, lameness, fever, mastitis

• ID: Virus isolation, PCR, ELISA

  • DDX: Identical to FMD

• Tx: fluids, NSAIDs, fly control

• Zoonotic: flu like CS in humans

FMD

• MOA: Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus 

  • Africa, Asia, South America, Europe

  • Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, bison, buffalo, deer

    • NOT Horses

• CS: Vesicles/erosions on mouth, teats, coronary bands, drooling, lameness, fever, mastitis

• ID: PCR, ELISA

  • DDX: VS

• Tx: Vax, quarantine, cull

  • eradicated, REPORT

Malignant Catarrhal Fever MCF

• MOA: Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 or Ovine herpesvirus 2 

  • Wildebeest, sheep (resiviours)

  • Cattle (dead end and fatal)

  • Sporatic and fatal

• CS: fever, lymphadenopathy, KCS,  corneal opacity, nasal/ocular discharge, Meningoencephalomyelitis, cracked muzzle, tremors, convulsions, nystagmus, peracute death 

• ID: PCR, ELISA, serum neutralization, IFA, mononuclear cells in the CSF 

  • DDX: IBR, BVDV, VSV, FMD

• Tx: cull

Winter Dysentery

• MOA: Bovine Covid

  • reoccurs 3-15y (cyclical)

  • 100% contagious w/in a week

• CS: Explosive dark green, brown, black diarrhea 

• ID: Fecal- EM, ELISA

  • DDX: BVDV, Cocc, Salmonella

• Tx: self limiting in 3d

• no vaccine

Johne's Disease 

• MOA: Mycobacterium

  • soil, feces, milk

  • zoonotic crohn’s, SR, cattle

• CS: Slow progressive PLE,  "bottle jaw", no fever till terminal, diarrhea, "Rope-like" thickened intestines

• ID: Acid-fast, PCR, ELISA, Ileocecal junction granulomas biopsy/necropsy, AGID

• Tx: cull, clean maternity pens, remove @ birth(<2h) w/ heat treated milk replacers, vax in cattle only

Salmonellosis

• MOA: S. Typhimurium & S. Newport (non host adapted), S. Dublin (Host-Adapted)

  • feces, milk, colostrum, fomites, stress

  • zoonotic

• CS: Septicemia(calves), meningitis, pneumonia, abortions(adults), septic tank bloody/foul feces (Ty/Newport), leukopenia (Ty/Newport)

• ID: PCR, ELISA, necropsy w/ necrotic enteritis, culture (5x)

• Tx: fluids, NSAIDs, Antibiotics, pasteurize, biosecurity(test/cull)

  • Poor prognosis, isolation

Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

• MOA: unknown

  • Fatal: GIT in high producing dairy cows(early lactation)

• CS: sudden, "Blackberry/strawberry jam" feces, Abdominal distension, dehydration, shock, pale MM, tachycardia, hypothermia, death w/in 24h

• ID: US of paralyzed Sm I, necropsy of hemorrhagic jejunum w/ clots

  • DDX: Intussusception, volvulus, Salmonella, enterotoxemia

• TX(ER): fluids, antibiotics, NSAIDs, Sx resections, high quality roughage, slow diet changes, ionophores, vax

  • poor prognosis

Bovine Virual Diarrhea BVD

• MOA: Flaviviridae 

  • BVDV-1(b): subclinical - Noncytopathic (NCP-BVDV) most common

  • BVDV-2 (NCP): acute/hemorrhagic

  • Semen: seminal vesicles, prostate and testicular tissue

• CS: PI calves (1-4m gestation), early embryonic death (0-40d), Cerebellar hypoplasia(congenital) (125-150 gestation), fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, mucosal disease (oral leasions)

  • after 125d, normal calves possible

    • Dummy calves

• ID: SN confirms active infection, ELISA (cant tell vax or not), Virus isolation (WBC/Spleen/LN), PCR cold ear notch samples, IHC

  • Test all calves alive/dead, cows w/ PI calves, new cows

  • Paired serum samples for active infection in adults

  • DDX: FMD, BTV, MCF

• TX: cull, vax

  • BVD1 ML Vax (#1): lowers PI, can cause mucosal dx in PI cows, not for preg, give 1m pre breeding

  • Killed vax: preg cows, less effective, 2 doses

Bovine Leukemia/Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

• MOA: BLV

  • Bld, utero, colostrum/milk, insects

• CS: Systemic, malignant neoplasia of the reticuloendothelial system

  • Asymptomatic (#1)

  • Persistent Lymphocytosis w/ no tumors

  • Lymphosarcoma (paralysis, edema, CHF, bloat, infertility)

• ID: AGID (#1), ELISA/PCR (herd), test + cull

• Tx: none, certified "Leukosis-Free" herds 

Sporadic Bovine Leukosis

• MOA: unknown, non-viral

• Young <3y

  • No herd spread (isolated cases)

  • No retrovirus detected

  • non contagious

• CS: acute death, lymph system tumors, skin nodules

• Fatal

• ID: biopsy

Bovine Tuberculosis

• Chronic

• MOA: M.bovis

  • Cattle, SR, SACs, white tailed deer, zoonotic

  • raw milk, aerosols, direct contact

• CS: chronic wasting, lymphadenopathy#1, cough, "Pearl-like" granulomas on pleura/peritoneum, granulomas

• ID: acid fast, Tuberculin Skin Testing, Caudal Fold Test, comp cervical test, test + cull

  • DDX: M. avium (poultry non-zoonotic.), use cervical test

• TX: test/cull, quarantine, deer control, pasteurize all milk

  • Report

• #1 Caudal Fold Test: Bovine PPD injected in tail fold; read at 72h for swelling

• #2 Comparative Cervical Test:

Pseudorabies

• AKA: Mad itch, Aujeszkys dx

• MOA: Suid alphaherpesvirus 1

  • swine is primary host

    • absent in commercial swine

  • cattle, SR, SA, horses, rodents are secondary hosts

• CS:

  • Pigs(age/immune status): fevers, tremors(neonatal), resp dx(weaners/growers), repo failure(adults)

  • Cows Mad itch: intense puritis, salivating, aggression, ataxia, sudden death

  • SR: Pruritus, neuro dx, resp dx, sudden death

• ID: virus isolation

• Tx: none

  • reportable, voluntary national eradication program

Leptospirosis

• MOA: cows and SR

  • life infections of kidneys and repro tract

• CS:

  • Non-Hardjo Serovars- acute

    • Fever, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, congestion, meningitis, sudden death

  • Hardjo Serovar- chronic

    • late term abortions, milk drop, Agalactia, blood-tinged milk, still borns, weak calves, light tan cotyledons, yellowish intercotyledonary areas, plancentitis, icteric aborted calf

• ID: Paired serology, PCR/IFA

• TX: serovars vax (2doses 6w, booster, 6w pre breeding) & rodent control

  • Acute: Systemic antibiotics (penicillin, tetracyclines)

  • Chronic: oxytetracycline, certifiur
    

Anthrax

• MOA: Bacillus

  • lives in soil for decades

  • zoonotic

• CS: Sudden death, bloody discharges, no rigor mortis, neck edema, fever

• ID: Ear bld smear(acid fast), Ascoli test or thermo precipitation

  • DO NOT OPEN CARCUS

• Tx: vax, quarantine, bleach, burry 2m or incinerate

  • reportable

Caseous lymphadenitis

• MOA: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

  • adult ews

  • skin wounds (sheering)

• CS: lymph abscesses, abscess of organs (liver, kidney)

  • draining

• ID: "Chinese letters" on staining, Culture, PCR, ELISA, synergistic hemolysin inhibition

• TX: antibiotics + sodium iodide, sx drainage, vax, pasture rest for 6m, Ca hypochlorite/formalin/cresol disinfectants

  • Chronic, lifelong infection

Black Disease

• AKA: infectious necrotic hepatitis

• MOA: Clostridium novyi type B

  • liver flukes

• CS: sudden death, rapid putrefaction of carcass, black SQ tissue

• ID: culture, histo, FAT, IHC, PCR

• TX: ineffective, vax

Fascioliasis

• Liver flukes

• MOA: Trematodes

  • cattle, SR, SACs

  • Freshwater snails

• CS: Anemia, bottle jaw, Bile duct damage,

  • Acute: black dz to death

  • Chronic: bottle jaw, weight loss, loose stool

• cholangiohepatitis, secondary black dx, sudden death

• ID: fecal, ELISA

• TX: Albendazole, Clorsulon, clostridia vax, snail control, pasture management

Ostertagiosis or Teladorsagiosis

• MOA: Brown Stomach Worm

  • L3 larvae ingested

  • invade abomasal gastric glands

  • parietal cells (HCl) & chief cells disruption

• CS: Moroccan leather, poor condition, profuse watery diarrhea

• ID: fecal, high serum pepsinogen

• TX: deworm whole herd

  • Beef: pre, 3w, 6w of turnout

  • Dairy: spring and fall

Haemonchosis

• MOA: Barber’s Pole Worm

  • SR

  • tropics

  • bld feeding pathogen

• CS: poor condition, anemia #1, bottle jaw, sudden death

• ID: fecal, FAMACHA, necropsy

• TX: Benzimidazoles, Macrocyclic, Levamisole, pasture management, periparturient ewes

Border disease

• AKA: hairy shaker lambs

• MOA: Pestivirus

• CS: abortion @ any stage, weak kids w/ congenital tremors, abnormal hairy coat, PI

• ID: IFA, Serology on the mom

• TX: BVD vax can help

Brucellosis

• AKA: Bang’s Dx

• MOA: Brucella abortus (cow) or ovis (SR)

  • bison, elk, zoonotic

• CS: placentitis, abortion (~7m) or stillbirth, necrotic red cotyledons, fetal bronchopneumonia, contagious epididymitis in SR

• ID: IFA, isolation, serology on the mom (paired serum)

• TX: calfhood vax

  • reportable

Campylobacteriosis

• AKA: vibrosis

• MOA: Campylobacter fetus venerealis.

  • spread by asymptomatic carrier bulls

  • zoonotic

• CS: 4-8m abortion, infertility, early embryonic death, fibrinous pleuritis, peritonitis, bronchopneumonia, placentitis w/ hemorrhagic cotyledons

• ID: Darkfield of abomum, placenta culture

• TX: bull streptomycin, AI, vax

Trichomoniasis

• MOA:

  • chronic venereal dx in bulls (for life)

  • Aborted cows are lifelong carriers

• CS: early abortion, infertility, placentitis, hemorrhagic cotyledons, flocculent exudate, petained placenta, pyometra

• ID: culture, preputial wash on microscope( bulls)

• TX: none, AI, Cull, Vax

Chlamydiosis

• MOA: Chlamydophila abortus or pecroum

  • zoonotic in preg women

• CS: last trimester abortion, placentitis, yellow (cow) or red (SR) exudate adhered to the cotyled, fetus w/ enlarged liver w/ white foci, arthritis + conjunctivitis of sheep,

• ID: ELISA, PCR, Culture lung/liver/placenta, Elementary bodies on stained smears of placenta or vag

• TX: no vax for cows, vax for SR, Tetracycline

Epizootic bovine abortion

• AKA: foothill abortion

• MOA: ticks

• CS: abortion storm in endemic areas, late term abortion w/ no illness, granulomatous inflam of fetal lymphoid tissues

• ID: histo, fetal IgG

• TX: fine after first storm

Enzootic abortion in sheep

• Chlamydophila pecorum- Arthritis and conjunctivitis of sheep

• Chlamydophila abortus- Late-term abortions, stillbirths, and weak lambs

• Elementary bodies by examination of Giemsa-stained smears of the placenta or vaginal discharge

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis IBR

• Mostly BHV-5, but occasionally BHV-1 (herpes)

• MOA: major resp + repo dx

  • latent infections

• CS: Placentitis, 4m abortion, fetal multifocal hepatic necrosis, pneumonia, fever, seizure, depression, most remain visual

• ID: Staining, Virus Isolation, Paired Serum Samples

• TX: vax

Mycotic abortion 

• MOA: Aspergillus, Mucor spp.

• CS: Sporadic abortion >4m-term, necrotizing placentitis, leathery intercotyledonary area, gray ringworm-like skin lesions over the head and shoulders, liver

• ID: fungal hyphae from stomach

• TX: Avoid moldy feed

Ureaplasma diversum

• CS: late term sporadic fresh abortions, stillbirths, birth of weak calves, retained placenta, placentitis

• ID: isolation from placenta, lungs, and/or abomasal

  contents

• Tx: None, avoid overcrowding, ventilation

Schmallenberg Virus SBV

• MOA: Orthobunyavirus

  • midges, cattle, bison, sheep, goats, vertical

• CS: Adult: fever, anorexia, diarrhea. Congenital: stillbirths, arthrogryposis, Hydrocephaly, Brachygnathia, Ankylosis, Torticollis, Scoliosis

• TX: none, cull, vax, fly control

Cache Valley Virus

• eradicated in most parts of USA

• MOA: mosquitoes, sheep, zoonotic

• CS: infertility, abortions, stillbirths, congenital abnormalities- hydranencephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebral and cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis.

• ID: Serology on the dam (paired serum samples).

• TX: None, delay breeding season until after frost kills mosquitoes

Rift Valley Fever Virus

• Endemic in Africa

• MOA: sheep, goats, cattle, zoonotic, arthropods

• CS: fever, abortion, high death rate of newborns

• ID: serology

• TX: None, vax, bug control

Neosporosis

• MOA: Neospora caninum 

  • dogs, coyotes, cows

• CS: Abortion >3m: most common (4-6m), not ill moms

  • most common cause of abortion in dairy and beef cattle

• ID: IHC, PCR

• TX: none, vax, strict hygiene

Toxoplasmosis

• MOA: zoonotic, cats

  • ingestion of sporulated oocytes

• CS: early embryonic death, mummification, abortions, moms not sick, no gross lesions on placenta, distinct sm white foci in cotyledons, focal nonsuppurative inflam on fetal brain

  • Major cause of abortion in small ruminants 

• ID: Fetal serology

• Prevent cat poop access to feed

Coxiella burnetii

• AKA: Q fever

• MOA: Goats, sheep, cattle, ticks, zoonotic

• CS: Late-term abortions, stillbirths, and weak offspring, gray-brown exudate covering the placenta

• ID: stain, PCR< isolation

• TX: vax, biosecurity, Oxytetracycline(early), pasteurize milk

  • Properly dispose of placental tissues, fetal membranes, and aborted fetuses

• Humans: miscarriages, flu like symptoms

  • don’t drink raw milk, PPE
    

Vaccination program in dairy cows

• Neonatal

  • Day 1- oral rotavirus + corona

  • Day 3- intranasal IBR, PI-3, BRSV, rep @ 6m, 1y

• 2-3m caves: MLV, lepto, clostridium then rep @ 1y

• Cow 3-4w pre-breeding: IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV, lepto, clostridium, RB51

  • RB51: federal reg, give @ 4-10m and rep @ 12-16m

• 3-4w Pre-calving: IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV, lepto, clostridium, calf hood, RB51

  • Calf hood: rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli @ 6 then 3w pre calving

• Bulls 60d pre-breeding: breeding exam, IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV, lepto, clostridium, BVD test, check feet

Deworming program dairy cattle

• Lactating cows: at drying off!!

  • ONLY Morantel tartrate in lactating cows

• Replacement heifers: 1m pre breeding(8-12m), 1m pre calving

•  Dairy calves: 2x @ warm weather

• Bulls: 2m pre breeding season

Vaccination program in beef cattle

• Pre-breeding: IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV(non-preg), lepto, clostridium, RB51

  • RB51: federal reg, give @ 4-10m and rep @ 12-16m

• 45-60d Pre-calving: IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV, lepto, clostridium, calf hood, RB51

  • Killed vaccines

  • Calf hood: rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli @ 6 then 3w pre calving

  • consider pinkeye vax

• 45d Pre-weaning: IBR, BVD, P13, BRSV, clostridium

• Bulls 60d pre-breeding: breeding exam, IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV, lepto, clostridium, BVD test, check feet

Deworming program beef cattle

• Cows

  • Deworm 1 month prior to breeding

  • Deworm 1 month prior to calving

  • Deworm 1 month prior to turnout to pasture

• Feedlot calves

  • Deworm at entry to feedlot

  • Deworm again as needed

• Bulls

  • deworm before breeding

Health management in small ruminants

• Clostridium CD&T Vax

  • Lambs and kids

    • 4 + 8w, 1y: Born to immunized dams

    • 2 + 6w, 1y: unknown history

  • Dams:4w pre birth

• Deworming program

  • FAMACHA or fecal egg count every month

  • Ewes and does @ 1m pre breeding/birth/thurnout, dip 21d pre/post shearing

  • Lambs and kids: @ weaning/60d

Cerebellar hypoplasia

• MOA: congenital

  • #1 brain malformation

  • BVDV @ 100-200d gestation

• CS: Unable to stand, thrashing, opisthotonos, nystagmus

• ID: PCR

• TX: dam BVD vax

  • Poor prognosis

Cerebellar abiotrophy

• MOA: hereditary

  • Progressive cerebellar degen

  • 3-9m holstein, charolais, limousine angus calves

• CS: Ataxia, hypermetria, wide base stance, fine head tremors

• TX: Poor prognosis

Degenerative myeloencephalopathy

• AKA: Weaver syndrome

• MOA: hereditary

  • 5-8m brown swiss cattle

  • Bilateral pelvic limb ataxia and dysmetria

• CS: Progressie ataxia to all 4 limbs, paralysis, recumebency

• TX: Prognosis is poor

Spastic paresis

• AKA: Elso heel

• MOA: Hereditary

  • Affecting sciatic gamma motor neurons 

  • 2-10 m calves

• CS: Progressive functional spinal cord disorder

• TX: Cut tibial nerve

  • Dont breed
    

Spastic syndrome

• AKA: Crampy

• MOA: hereditary

  • 3-7y Holstein and Guernsey cattle

• CS: Progressive posterior paralysis, periodic spasticity, progressive hindlimb paralysis, extends its hindlimbs backward

  • Signs are worse when animal first rises

• TX: Culling

Meningitis

• MOA: Calves, lambs, kids, crias

  • Neonate: E.coli sepsis from FPT @ 7-10d baby

  • Growing: Histophilus somni - feedlot

  • Adult: Salmonella bacteremia, otitis interna, coliform mastitis, sinus infection

• CS: Intermittent tonic clonic seizures, stiffness, hyperreflexia, inducible nystagmus, opisthotonus, head pressing, joint ill, Sudden death (H. somni)

• ID: CSF, culture, TTW/blood (H. somni)

• TX: Ceftiofur, Florfenicol, Enrofloxacin, ampicillin, tetracycline IV fluids, NSAIDs, colostrum, vax (H. somni)

  • prognosis poor for H. somni

Otitis Interna/Media

• MOA: Histophillus, mycoplasma, mannheimia

  • calves 1-6m

  • # 1 vestibular dx

• CS: fever, head tilt, dropped ear, dysphagia

• ID: rads

• TX: Tulathromycin, tetracyclines, enrofloxacin, NSAIDs, fluids

Rabies

• MOA: wildlife

• No reported cases of Rabies to humans by large animal exposure in North America

• Incubation 1-5w

• CS: bizarre behavior signs, rapidly progressive (1-3d), hind limb abnormalities, bladder dysfunction, tenesmus, dysphagia, unusual bellowing

  • no pathognomonic sign!

• DI: ANY RUMANAT W/ CNS signs, DONT NECROPSY, CSF, Histopath, Negri bodies, IFA, PCR

  • DDX: listeria, nervous ketosis

• TX: vax @ 3-6m

Listeriosis

• AKA: circling disease

• MOA: L. monocytogenes

  • #1 infectious neuro dx of dairy cows

  • ascends nerves to brainstem causing multiple microabscesses 

  • Cattle fed poor quality silage, after drought

    • ph<5 to stop listeria growth

  • ZOONOTIC (contaminates milk!)

• CS: unilateral circling, weak tongue, head tilt, nystagmus, strabismus, drool

• ID: CSF, mononuclear pleocytosis

  • more macrophages than lymphocytes which is opposite rabies

• TX: Amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, NSAIDs, fluids, tube feeding, rumen fistula

Tetanus

• AKA: Lockjaw, saw horse stance

• MOA: Clostridium tetani

  • wound infection

• CS: Muscular spasm, hyperesthesia, hyperexcitability, mastication issues, prolapsed nictitans, High HR/RR, congestion

• TX: Penicillin, sedation, IV fluids, Vax

Botulism 

• MOA: Clostridium botulinum type D exotoxin

  • decomposing animal tissue

  • phosphorus deficiency (pica)

• CS: Excessive salivation, tongue paralysis, dysphagia, inability to urinate, recumbency, death due to respiratory paralysis

• ID: PCR, toxin detection

• TX: none, proper disposal of dead animals, remove decaying grass or spoiled silage, Vax

  Diagnosis & Clinical Findings: Diagnosis based on clinical signs, PCR, detection of toxin.

Classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE

• AKA: mad cow

• MOA: prion

  • ingestion of prion-contaminated feed

  • Slaughtered scrapie-infected sheep

  • long incubation

• CS: Hyperexcitable, twitching, hypermetric ataxia, progressive ataxia, paresis, death

  • CJD in humans

• ID: no premortem diagnostic, microscopic examination (spongy brain)

  • SF is normal

• TX: none

  • Report

Scrapie

• AKA: mad itch

• MOA: prion

  • vertical transmission at a pre- or postnatal stage

  • >3y SR

• CS: fatal, behavioral changes, excitability, nervousness, or aggressiveness, fine tremors of the head and neck, trot or hop like a rabbit, intense pruritus, dry fleece

• ID: Histopath, multiple vacuoles w/ cytoplasmic degeneration, IHC, third-eyelid/rectal lymphoid tissue biopsy

  • tonsils if subclincal/<1y animals that are incubating

• TX: eradication program, cooking does not destroy prions, genetics

Polioencephalomalacia

• MOA: Thiamine deficiency

  • young ruminants on high grain diet- 2-8m old

  • ruminal acidosis

  • brakenfern, sulfur

• CS: Cerebrocortical edema, stargazing, Cortical blindness w/ ok PLR, Odontopresis

• ID: Response to thiamine, CSF, woods lamp

  • DDX: preg tox, salt/lead toxic, TEME, rabies, listeria

• TX: thiamine, dex, feed improve

Lead Poisoning

• MOA: motor oil, old paint, batteries

  • Affect sulfhydryl-containing enzymes and tissues rich in mitochondria

  • Signs appear within 24-48 hr of exposure

• CS: Ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, muscle tremors, and convulsions

• ID: blood lead

• TX: thiamine, Ca-EDTA, laxities

Salt Poisoning: Hypernatremia

• Recent salt exposure or water deprivation

• MOA: swelling of brain cells

  • High sodium milk replacers without free water available

  • Tubing improperly mixed electrolytes

  • Frozen water sources

• CS: depression and weakness, ataxia, seizure, blindness

• ID: serum Na, Azotemia

• DDX: PEM, listeria, lead

• TX: gradual hydrate, 5% dextrose w/ furosemide, thiamine

  • ensure: free access to water, proper milk replacer

Water Intoxication

• MOA: hyponatremia

  • Sudden access to water after a period of deprivation.

  • Excessive or cold water consumption

• CS: hyponatremia, cerebral edema, Ataxia, depression, seizures, blindness, head pressing, intravascular Hemolysis

• ID: Na <130 mEq/L, low PCV

• DDX: PEM, listeria, lead, salt toxicity

• TX: Hypertonic saline, Water restriction: Gradual reintroduction

Vitamin A Deficiency

• MOA: High CSF

  • Feedlot cattle or growing dairy replacement heifers 

  • No green forage 

• CS: seizures, opisthotonus, ataxia, papilledema, abnormal bones, blindness w/o PLR, scruffy hair

  • Calves born to effected dams may be blind at birth

• TX: vitamin A 440 IU/kg BW

Types of blindness in cattle

• With an intact PLR: central (most common)

  • PEM, Lead, Salt, TEME, Listeriosis, Urea toxicity, Meningitis, Pituitary abscess, BHV-1 (IBR) 

• Blindness with an absent PLR: peripheral

  • Low Vit A(most common), Orbital tumors

Floppy Kid Syndrome

• hand raised

• MOA:

  • metabolic acidosis

  • Kids 3-21d old

• CS: Acute tetraparesis 

•  DDX: diarrhea, pneumonia, white muscle dx

• TX: dextrose IV, pepto, Sod bicarb orally, Vit E or Se

• Vaccinate the mother, proper nutrition and colostrum

Hypomagnesemic Tetany

• AKA: Grass Tetany, Transportation tetany

  • spring lush grass

• MOA: Low blood magnesium

• CS: stiffness, tetany, hypertonicity(sound/touch), recumbent, hyperesthesia, sudden death, loud pounding heart is typical , sudden collapse

• ID: CSF Mg <1 or vitreous humor <1.8 (24h post mortem)

  • DDX: tetanus, lead poisoning, toxic plants, Rabies

• TX: Magnesium and calcium IV, Mg bullets orally (slow release) IV: dilute and slow

  • poor prognosis, common relapse

• Pasture treatment: most beneficial for whole herd to prevent
  

Swayback in SR

• congenital

• MOA: Low Copper, High molybdenum

  • enzoonotic type 3-4w of age

• CS: swayback: lambs born with weakness, ataxia @ birth, ataxiaabnormal wool

  • Enzootic ataxia: 3-4w after birth

• TX: oral administration of copper sulfate, supplement last 3m of preg, ruminal copper oxide capsules

  • Poor prognosis

Enterotoxemia

• MOA:

  • C. perfringens Type D in intestine

  • FSE in feedlot lambs

• CS: Diarrhea, convulsions, paralysis, sudden death

• TX: No treatment, vax

Nervous Coccidiosis

• MOA:

  • Neurotoxin in intestine

  • Systemic electrolyte derangement

  • feedlots calves/lambs- overcrowding, poor hygeine, housed on dirt

• CS: Seizure, ophisthotonus, death 

• TX: sulfas or amprolium in water 

Nervous Ketosis

• Dairy cattle: early lactation, high producers

• CS: “Bizarre” acting cows in first 2m of lactation, blindness, weird licking

  • smell ketones on breath

• ID: dip stick

• TX: oral propylene glycol, IV dextrose, dexamethasone injection (needs energy)

Pregnancy Toxemia

• Pregnant ewes and does in late gestation

• Negative energy balance 

• Anorexia, depression, weakness, blindness, teeth grinding

• Later recumbency: poor prognosis

• Ddx: hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, polio, enterotoxemia, rabies, scrapie, Maedi visna/OPP, lead poisoning, listeriosis

• Dx: history, clinical signs, ketouria by urine dip stick

• Treatment only successful early- IV dextrose, oral propylene glycol, oral electrolytes, induction of abortion or c-section

• Later stages (poorer prognosis if recumbent)- IV dextrose, c-section, euthanasia

• Prevention- nutritional management of pregnant animals (provide high energy diet, separate groups of animals according to stage of pregnancy) 

Spinal Cord Trauma

• Causes

  • Mounting behavior

  • Fractures secondary to ankylosing spondylitis in AI bulls

  • Hypoderma bovis- treatment in winter when larvae in epidural space will cause inflammatory trauma to spinal cord

• Clinical signs- dog sitting position (thoracolumber and L/S lesion)

• Diagnosis- history, signs, CSF (often increased macrophages), necropsy

• Prognosis- poor

Vertebral Body Abscess/Epidural Abscess

• Calves- omphalitis, pneumonia

• Adults- rumen acidosis, mastitis, metritis, sole abscess

• Compression of cord from either abscess and/or acute vertebral fractures

• Clinical signs- dog sitting position (thoracolumber and L/S lesion)

• Diagnosis- history, signs, CSF @ L/S (often increased macrophages), necropsy

• Treatments- antibiotics, surgery

• Prognosis- poor

Compressive Neoplasia

• Nearly all are lymphoma (BLV+)

• Signs depend on site of compression

  • L/S common

• Diagnosis - old age, BLV+, CSF usually normal

• Differentials- injury to cord, often from riding injuries

• Prognosis-Poor

Key nerves in cattle

• Obturator: Calving Paralysis

  • Recumbency after calving, split hindlegs, not be able to extend fetlock

• Radial: Dropped elbow, cant extend carpus and fetlock, drags hoof

  • prolonged lateral recumbency, trauma

• Femoral: Quadriceps atrophy, patella reflex is absent

  • calves pulled during hip lock dystocia

• Sciatic: Dropped hip and hock, cant extend fetlock, analgesia laterally and distal to stifle

  • glute injection, pelvic fractures, dystocia

• Peroneal: Cant flex hock or extend digit

• Tibial: Can not extend hock, fetlock doesnt drag and can bear weight

  • caudal thigh injection, sacral fracture

Treatment of Nerve Injury

• SAID

• Corticosteroids (contraindicated with pregnancy)

• Vit B complex

• Hydrotherapy (float tank)

• Good footing

• Hobbles

Levamisole toxicity

• CS: cholinergic signs, PEM, salivation, muscle tremors, ataxia, urination, defecation, collapse, asphyxia due to

  respiratory failure

• TX: Atropine sulfate

Urea/NPN Poisoning

• AKA: bonkers

• MOA: Ammoniated feed toxicity 

  • Urea is converted to ammonia by rumen microflora

• CS: dead in 2h, tremors, colic, frothy salivation

• ID: ammonia smell in rumen, vitreous humor : sample needs to be chilled

• TX: vinegar + cold water

Poison Hemlock

• CS: Musty odor of urine, trembling, weak, irregular HR, recumbency, coma, death, arthrogryposis

• DDX: Charolais cattle, Lupines, Akabane, bluetongue

Nitrate toxicity

• MOA: fertilizer, Brassica, pigweed, lambs quarter

  • nitrite most toxic

• CS: methemoglobinemia, Brown cyanotic MM, tremors

  • Brown/chocolate-colored blood

• ID: Diphenylamine test

• TX: 1% Methylene Blue IV, oral vinegar and coldwater

Perennial Ryegrass Staggers

• MOA: endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii

  • lolitrem B- a tremorgenic neurotoxins (CNS signs)

• CS: Head tremors, hypersensitivity(sound/touch), incoordination 

• TX: none, move animals, good in 2w