chapter 18 FISHES

Which class contains the lampreys?

Petromyzontida

Vertebrates are thought to have originated at least __________ years ago.

510 million

Adult sea lampreys in the Great Lakes feed primarily on

large bony fish.

Hagfishes belong to the class

Myxini

The appearance of __________ is considered to be one of the major developments in vertebrate evolution.

Jaws

Sharks arose from early jawed fishes midway through the __________ period.

Devonian

In their feeding habits, the largest sharks are

carnivores.

Unlike other chondrichthyeans, the __________ have a gill cover called the operculum.

ratfish

Lungfishes belong to the class

Holocephali

Which of the following is not a term that could be used to describe a flounder or a snapper?

modern bony fish

The lobe finned fishes, such as coelacanths are found in the class

Sarcopterygii

Sharks, skates, and rays are in the class

Chondrichthyes

The closest living fish relative of terrestrial vertebrates is probably

Latimeria

One hypothesis says that an extinct group called __________ are believed to have been the ancestors of ancient amphibians.

osteolepiforms

Members of the class __________ are sometimes called the ray-finned fishes.

Actinopterygii

Primitive bony fishes that retain the notochord as adults are

sturgeons

The modern bony fishes are the

teleosts

Some elasmobranchs and some bony fishes such as the tuna, maintain water flow over the gills by holding the mouth open. This is called __________ ventilation.

ram

Vascular folds in the epithelium of gill filaments are called

lamellae

Flow of water over fish gills maintains a concentration gradient (of gases) between the blood and the water over the length of the capillary bed; this is referred to as a __________ mechanism.

countercurrent exchange

In lungfishes and Indian climbing perch, __________ function as lungs.

pneumatic sacs

Fishes mostly regulate buoyancy by precisely regulating the volume of gas in the

swim bladder.

Some elasmobranchs, including hammerhead sharks, and guppies are

viviparous

Nitrogenous wastes such as urea, creatine, and creatinine are produced in the __________ of fishes.

liver

A vascular network called the __________ secretes gases into the swim bladder.

rete mirabile

The semicircular canals of the inner ear of bony fish maintain

balance and equilibrium.

In the epidermis of fish skin, there are sensory pits that may be used for detecting currents; these pits comprise the

lateral line system.

Osmoregulation is a major function of kidneys and __________ in fishes.

gills

The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are

nephrons

The networks of capillaries that filter blood from the circulatory system into the tubular system of the nephrons of fishes are the

glomeruli

The major osmoregulatory problems of saltwater fishes are

water loss and salt gain.

A __________ removes excess sodium chloride from the blood of elasmobranch fish and excretes it into the cloaca.

rectal gland

Elasmobranchs have solved some of their osmoregulatory problems by

sequestering urea in their body tissues.

A common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products is the

cloaca

The major nitrogenous waste of bony fishes is

ammonia.

Fishes that migrate between freshwater and marine environments are said to be

diadromous.

The vast majority of fish are

oviparous

Which animals are not in the infraphylum Vertebrata?

hagfishes

Fishes WOULD NOT regulate their buoyancy by which of the following ways?

possession of relatively dense bones

Which group of fishes does not have a cartilaginous skeleton?

teleosts

The grouping "Osteichthyes" is considered to be

paraphyletic