aapc Fundamentals of medicine ch.3 musculoskeletal system

Musculoskeletal System

a system of muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments providing movement, form, strength,and stability to the body. It plays a crucial role in enabling mobility and protecting internal organs.

arth(o)/articul(o)

referring to joints or articulations in the body.

burs(o)

referring to bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues and cushion pressure points in joints.

Carp(o)

relating to the carpal bones in the wrist.

chondr(o)

referring to cartilage, the connective tissue found in joints that provides cushioning and support.

Cost(o)

relating to the ribs, which are the curved bones forming the ribcage.

Fasci(o)

referring to fascia, the connective tissue that surrounds muscles and organs.

kyph(o)

hump

muscul(o)/my(o)

pertaining to muscles

myel(o)

pertaining to the spinal cord or bone marrow

oste(o)

pertaining to bone

spondyl(o)

pertaining to the vertebrae

synov(i)

synovium

ten(o)

pertaining to tendons

Muscles

tissues that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing

Skeletal muscle

a type of striated muscle responsible for voluntary movements, attached to bones by tendons.

cardiac muscle

a type of involuntary muscle found in the heart that facilitates the pumping of blood.

smooth muscle

found in the walls of all hollow organs of the body(except the heart) its contraction reduces the size of these structures, movement is generally is involuntary.

Bicep

large muscle on the front upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. its function is to flex the elbow and rotate the arm

deltoid

thick triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint. flexes the arm away from the body

gastrocnemius

two headed muscle in the back of the lower leg. it flexes the knee and helps flex the foot (plantar flexion)

hamstring

one of the three thigh muscles on the back of the leg between the hip and knee. help flex the knee and extend the hip. its other names are semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris

pectroal

one of the muscles that connect the front walls of the chest to the bones of the upper arm and shoulder. the pectoral muscles names are the pectoralis major/minor. they help with moving the arm toward the body and rotating the arm inward.

quadricep

group of four muscles that cover the front and sides of the thigh. it keeps the knee stable and helps straighten it.

tricep

a large three-headed muscle on the back of the arm. the triceps helps extend the elbow joint and keeps the humerus bone secured in the glenohumeral joint.

tendons

connect muscle to bone

ligaments

connect bone to bone

fascia

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds in place the bodys organs. it can hold muscle groups together, creating planes between muscle groups

extensor tendons

allow the joint to open or straighten out. present in the arms, legs,hands, and feet

flexor tendons

allow the joint to close or contract. present in the arms, hands, legs, feet and hips.

tendonitis

an inflammation of the tendon and may occur from trauma, overuse, or degeneration from age

ligament

band bones together to help stabilize joints

sprain

when a ligament is injured

the human skeleton is divided into two parts:

axial and appendicular skeleton. appendicular skeleton is made of the shoulder bones, the pelvic bones, and the arms and legs. the axial is made up of the skull, hyoid, rib cage, sternum, vetrebrae and the sacrum.

axial skeleton

80 bones total

skull

bony housing for brain. frontal lobe, occipital bone, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal

hyoid bone

a lone bone found under the chin

appendicular system

126 bones

bones

give our bodies shape, protect organs, and support our weight.

long bones

bones longer than they are wide. named after shape, not size

tubular

long bones

short bone

cube-shaped bones such as carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle.

sesamoid

a short bone shaped like a sesame seed formed within tendons, cartilaginous in early life, and osseous (bony) in the adult. patella is the largest sesamoid in the body.

cuboidal

short bones

flat

consists of a layer of spongy bone, between two layers of compact bone. skull/ribs

irregular

in the face, such as zygoma and mandible. vertebrae are irregular bones.

closed fracture

does not involve a break in the skin

colles fracture

occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone

comminuted fracture

more than two separate bone components (fragments)

compound fracture

projects through the skin with the possibility of an infection

compression fracture

vertebrae fracture due to trauma, tumor, or osteoporosis

epiphyseal fracture

occurs when the matrix is calcifying, and chondrocytes are dying. seen in children.

greenstick fracture

only one side of the fracture is broken and the other is bent, common in children

spiral fracture

spread along length of the bone and produced by twisting stress Lefront fractures.

cartilage

flexible connective tissue that is nonvascular. (contains no blood vessels)

chondrosis

when cartilage breaks down or deteriorates.

osteoarthritis

when cartilage wears away and the bones of a joint rub against each other causing inflammation

chondritis

inflammation of the cartilage. if it happens in the ribs its called costochondoritis

chondromalacia

when the cartilage becomes soft

vertebral body

load bearing, since the weight of the body depends on it

vertebral arch

protects spinal cord

transverse processes

designed for ligament attachment

ankylosis

condition of stiffening of a joint

arthralgia

pain in the joint

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

arthropathy

joint disease

bursitis

inflammation of the bursa

chondralgia

pain around and in the cartilage

kyphosis

abnormal curvature of throacic spine, humpback

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of spine, usually lumbar. (sway back or hollow back)

osteosarcoma

cancerous tumor of bone

osteochondritis

inflammation of bone and cartilage

osteopenia

lower than average bone density

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine

tendonitis

inflammation of the tendons

-centesis

to puncture

-clasis

surgical break or fracture

-desis

surgical fixation of bone or joint

-ectomy

surgical removal

-graphy

imaging

-lysis

to free up

-orraphy

surgical suture

-opexy

surgical fixation

-otomy

to cut part of the body

-scopy

visual observation with an endoscope

-plasty

remodel or repair

arthrogram

imaging of joint using contrasting dye, may use x-ray,ct, or mri depending on problem

computed tomography (CT/CAT) scan

imaging to diagnose problems with bones or muscles

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan

measures density and mass of structures in the body (bone mass)

electromygraphy (emg)

measures electric activity of muscle

faber test

identifies sacroilic dysfunctionn

fluroscopy

type of imaging using xrays to look at a body part or system

finkelstein test

identifies de quervains tenosynovitis as the cause of wrist pain

homans sign test

positive sign indicates possible vein thrombosis (DVT)

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

uses radio waves and magnetic fields to capture soft tissue or joint damage

thompson test

tests for achilles tendon rupture

tinels sign

positive sign indicates carpal tunnel syndrome

ultrasound

uses soundwaves to image soft tissues

x-ray

uses electromagnetic waves to diagnose problems

BTKR

bilateral knee replacement (double knee)