US History -- Jacksonian Democracy, Indian Removal, and 19th Century Reforms

What was the primary focus of Jacksonian Democracy?

The presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) and the expansion of power to the 'common man'.

How did Jacksonian Democracy expand suffrage?

By eliminating property qualifications for voting, significantly increasing white male suffrage.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

A conflict centered on Southern opposition to the Tariff of Abominations, where South Carolina threatened to nullify the federal tariff.

What was Jackson's response to the Nullification Crisis?

He threatened to use force (the Force Bill) to collect the tariff, asserting federal supremacy.

What did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorize?

The relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast to territories west of the Mississippi River.

What was the significance of Worcester v. Georgia (1832)?

The Supreme Court ruled that Georgia laws did not apply to the Cherokee Nation, but Jackson ignored the ruling.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced march of thousands of Native Americans, resulting in significant deaths, following the Indian Removal Act.

What was Henry Clay's American System?

A plan to strengthen the national economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

How did the North, South, and West become economically interdependent?

The North industrialized, the South focused on cash crops, and the West provided food and raw materials, linked by infrastructure.

What were Eli Whitney's major inventions?

The Cotton Gin, which increased cotton production, and Interchangeable Parts, which facilitated mass production.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A religious revival movement that inspired social reforms aimed at improving American society.

What social reform did the Temperance movement advocate?

The reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption to combat poverty and domestic abuse.

Who was Horace Mann?

The 'Father of the Common School Movement', advocating for taxpayer-funded public education.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

The first major women's rights convention in 1848, producing the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights.

What was the role of abolitionists during the Second Great Awakening?

They sought the immediate end of slavery, inspired by the moral imperative of the revival movement.

Who were key figures in the abolitionist movement?

William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator, and Frederick Douglass, publisher of The North Star.

What were Black Codes?

Harsh laws passed by Southern states to restrict the lives of enslaved and free Black people following slave rebellions.

What was the Spoils System?

The practice of giving government jobs to supporters of a winning political party, strongly advocated by Andrew Jackson.

What were the 'Five Civilized Tribes'?

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations, named for their adoption of many white settler customs.

What was the Tariff of Abominations?

The nickname given to the Tariff of 1828 by Southern opponents, highlighting its negative impact on the Southern economy.

What were the transportation improvements advocated by the American System?

Internal improvements like roads, canals, and later railroads, crucial for linking agricultural and industrial regions.

What does the Rise of the Factory System refer to?

The shift from home-based production to centralized manufacturing in factories, utilizing powered machinery.

What was Dorothea Dix known for?

Her reform efforts that led to the creation of the first American mental asylums and improved treatment of the mentally ill.

What was the impact of the Second Great Awakening on women's rights?

It highlighted women's lack of rights, leading to their active participation in the women's rights movement.

what was the National Banks purpose?

The National Bank was created to stabilize the national economy by issuing a uniform currency and controlling credit to promote commerce and growth.

What was the purpose of Protective Tariffs?

Protective tariffs were taxes placed on imported goods designed to raise the price of foreign products high enough to make domestically produced goods more appealing and competitive to consumers.

why where Interchangeable parts so monumental at the time?

Interchangeable parts are identical, standardized components that can be used universally to replace a broken part in a machine, enabling mass production by unskilled labor and simplifying repairs.