Cognitive Psychology

Cocktail party effect

able to understand or hear the person even in the loud places

Cognitive Psychology

the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

Cognitive Psychology

understanding cognitive psychology can help us understand much of what goes on in our everyday lives

Cognitive Psychologist

hope to learn how people think by studying how people have thoughts about thinking

Dialectic

a developmental proceed whereby ideas evolve over time through a back and forth exchange of ideas

thesis

is a statement of belief

antithesis

a statement that counters a previous statement of belief

synthesis

integrated the most credible featured of each of two (or more) views

Plato

Rationalism

Rationalism

the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis

Rationalism

does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge

Aristotle

Empiricism

Empiricism

the route to knowledge is through empirical evidence

Empiricism

we obtain evidence through experience and observation

Rene Descartes

viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth

Rene Descartes

cogito, ergo sum = " I think, therefore I am"

John Locke

believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefor must seek it through empirical observation

John Locke

Tabular rasa = "Blank Slate"

Immanuel Kant

in the eighteenth century, Germany philosopher, synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have their place

rationalism and empiricism

both must work together in the quest for truth

Rationalism

through reflective thinking and logical analysis

empiricism

through observation

synthesis

through the use of observation and well as thinking and logical analysis

Structuralism

(W. Wundt)

Structuralism

1st major school of thought in psychology

Structuralism

seek to understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituents/elementary components (affection ,attention, memory and sensational)

Structuralism

Introspection

Introspection

conscious observation one's own thinking processes

Structuralism

The main question is: what the mind is made of?

Functionalism

(w. James)

Functionalism

developed as an alternative to structuralism

Functionalism

focused on the processes of thought rather than on its contents

Functionalism

main questions : how and why the mind works as it does?

Functionalism

believed in using whichever method best answered a given researchers questions

Functionalism

pragmatism

pragmatism

knowledge is validated by its usefulness. what can you do with this knowledge?

Associationism

an integrative synthesis

Associationism

(H. Ebbinghaus)

Associationism

examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning

contiguity

associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time

similarity

associating things with similar feature or properties

contrast

associating things that show polarities such as hot or cold, light or dark, day or night

Ebbinghaus

in the late 1800s, he was the first experimenter to apply associationism principles systematic (memory)

rehearsal

conscious repetition of material to be learned

role of satisfaction

is the key to forming association

Associationism

predecessors of the development of behaviorism

fundamental ideas in cognitive psychology

1. empirical data and theories are both important.

2. cognition is generally adaptive.

3. cognitive process interact with each other and with non cognitive processes.

4. cognition needs to be studied through a variety of scientific methods (diverse approaches).

5. all basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to applications and all applied research may lead to basic understanding

key themes in cognitive psychology

nature vs nurture

rationalism vs empiricism

structures vs processes

nature vs nurture

this theme debates how much cognitive abilities and behaviors are shaped by innate biological factors (nature) vs experiential and environmental factors (nurture). cognitive psychology recognize their interactions, studying how genetic predispositions and learned experiences combine in perception, memory , language and reasoning

rationalism vs empiricism

rationalism asserts that knowledge stems primarily from innate ideas and logical reasoning emphasizing internal cognitive processes and deduction (e.g. mathematics) empiricism hold that's knowledge come from sensory experience and observation. cognitive psychology integrated both. investigating how the mind used reading and experience to acquire, process and apply knowledge

structures vs processes

the concerns whether focus should be on static mental structures or dynamic cognitive processes that operate over these structures much cognitive research explores how process manipulate mental structures to produce thought and behavior