Translation

Flashcards summarizing key concepts from the lecture on genetic code and protein synthesis.

Genetic Code

A set of triplet code words that codes for amino acids.

Codons

The triplet code words that correspond to amino acids.

Start Codon

The codon AUG that signals the start of protein synthesis.

Stop Codons

Codons UGA, UAA, and UAG that signal the termination of protein synthesis.

mRNA

Messenger RNA that carries the genetic code for protein synthesis.

tRNA

Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins coded by codons in mRNA.

Proline

The amino acid coded for by the codon CCU.

Leucine

The amino acid coded for by the codon CUU.

Glycine

The amino acid coded for by the codon GGA.

Serine

The amino acid coded for by the codon AGC.

Degenerate Code

A characteristic of the genetic code where most amino acids have multiple codons.

Mutation-Resistant

A feature of the genetic code that allows for some mutations with little effect.

Peptide Bond

The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.

Polymerization

The process of linking amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain.

Anticodon

The sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with a codon in mRNA.

Amino Acid Activation

The process of attaching the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA.

Ribosome

The cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs.

Termination of Synthesis

The process where a ribosome encounters a stop codon, signaling the end of polypeptide synthesis.

Codon Table

A chart that displays which amino acids correspond to each codon.

25 Codons

The number of codons that represent the 20 standard amino acids along with stop signals.

Signal for Protein Synthesis

The initial binding of the start codon AUG with the first tRNA.

Free tRNA

tRNA that is not currently carrying an amino acid and is available to bind to new amino acids.

Synthesis Stage

The phase in gene expression where protein chains are formed.

mRNA Section

The strand of messenger RNA that specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Genetic Information

The data transferred from DNA to mRNA and then into proteins.

Functional Proteins

Proteins that perform specific functions in biological processes.

Translation

The process of converting mRNA code into an amino acid sequence.

Genetic Codon Example

The sequence '5’—CCU—AGC—GGA—CUU—3’ specifies certain amino acids.

Role of Enzymes

Molecules that facilitate the conversion of mRNA into proteins during translation.

Ribosomal Function

The action of ribosomes in building polypeptides from amino acids.

Anticodon Function

To ensure that the correct amino acid is inserted in the protein chain.

Polypeptide Chain

A series of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, forming proteins.

Protein Structure

The three-dimensional arrangement of amino acids in a protein.

Protein Catalysts

Proteins that act as enzymes in biochemical reactions.

Initiation of Translation

The beginning phase where the ribosome assembles around the mRNA.

Chain Elongation

The stage where amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Nucleotide

A basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a base, sugar, and phosphate.

Third Base Mutation

A change in the third base of a codon that may not affect protein synthesis due to the degeneracy of the code.

tRNA Matching

The pairing of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during translation.

Non-overlapping Code

A characteristic of the genetic code, where codons are read sequentially without overlaps.

Ribosome Structures

The components of ribosomes that facilitate protein synthesis.

Delivery of Amino Acids

The role of tRNA in providing amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Amino Acid Diversity

The variety of amino acids that can be produced from different codons.

Protein Folding

The process by which a protein assumes its functional shape or configuration.

Translation Efficiency

The effectiveness and speed at which proteins are synthesized from mRNA.

Ribosome Function

To act as the site of translation where mRNA is translated into a protein.

AUG Start Codon Role

To initiate the synthesis of proteins by signaling the starting point.

Stop Codon Role

To signal the termination of polypeptide synthesis at the end of the coding sequence.

tRNA Enzyme Interaction

The activity of enzymes that ensure the correct association of amino acids to their tRNA.

Protein Synthesis Stages

Activation, Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.

Genetic Code Universality

The near universal application of the same genetic code across different species.

RNA Function

To carry information from DNA and assist in synthesizing proteins.