Med Surg Exam #3 Exemplars and Medications

Fracture

A break in the bone caused by trauma, stress, or medical conditions.

Fracture care

The process involving reduction, immobilization, pain management, and healing promotion.

Hip fractures

Breaks occurring in the upper part of the femur near the hip joint, common in older adults due to falls or osteoporosis.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in joints, resulting in pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.

Total Joint Replacement

A surgical procedure where damaged parts of the hip or knee joint are replaced with artificial components.

Cephalosporins

A class of antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.

Opioids

A class of drugs used to manage pain, including hydromorphone, morphine sulfate, and oxycodone.

PCA (Patient-Controlled Analgesia)

A method of pain control that allows patients to administer their own pain relief medication.

Hydromorphone

A potent opioid used for severe pain management.

Morphine sulfate

An opioid used to relieve moderate to severe pain.

Oxycodone

An opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to severe pain.

Oxycodone with acetaminophen

A combination medication used to relieve moderate pain.

Parkinson’s

A progressive neurological disorder affecting movement, characterized by tremors, stiffness, slow movement, and balance problems due to loss of dopamine-producing brain cells.

Epilepsy

A neurological condition marked by recurrent seizures that result from sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain, affecting behavior, movements, or consciousness.

Migraine Headaches

Severe, recurring headaches often associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound, believed to involve changes in brain activity and blood flow.

TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack)

A temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve quickly without permanent damage.

Embolic Stroke

A type of ischemic stroke caused by a blood clot or debris traveling in the bloodstream that blocks a brain artery, resulting in sudden loss of brain function.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A stroke caused by bleeding in or around the brain due to a ruptured vessel, damaging brain tissue and increasing pressure within the skull.

Antiepileptics

Medications used to prevent or reduce the frequency of seizures.

Fibrinolytic/Thrombolytic

Medications used to dissolve blood clots, such as Alteplase tPA (Activase).

Antiplatelet Drugs

Medications that prevent blood clots by preventing platelets from sticking together, including Aspirin and Clopidogrel (Plavix).

Anticoagulants

Medications that reduce the formation of blood clots, such as Enoxaparin Sodium and Warfarin Sodium.

Anticoagulant Antidotes

Substances that counteract the effects of anticoagulants, including Protamine Sulfate and Vitamin K.

Dopamine Agonists

Drugs that mimic the action of dopamine in the brain, including Levodopa and Levodopa/Carbidopa.

Antimigraine

Medications specifically used to treat migraine headaches, such as Sumatriptan (Imitrex).