Module 1 - Topic 1.6: Evolution of Programming Languages

What is Machine Language?

The native language of the computer; the most basic type of computer language consisting of strings of numbers that the hardware can use. Different hardware types have different machine codes. Consists of two parts: OpCode (tells the computer what functions to perform) and Operand (tells where to find and store data).

What are the advantages of Machine Language?

Translation-free, high-speed.

What are the disadvantages of Machine Language?

Machine dependent, complex, error prone, tedious.

What is Assembly Language?

Invented in the 1950s, it is easier to work with than machine language. Uses mnemonics instead of binary opcodes, features macros and subroutines, and uses cryptic English-like phrases. Translated into object code by an assembler.

What is an Assembler?

A program that converts assembly code into binary code. Uses abbreviations for instructions, also consists of an opcode and an operand.

What are the advantages of Assembly Language?

Easier to understand and use, less error prone, efficient, more control on hardware.

What are the disadvantages of Assembly Language?

Machine dependent, harder to learn, slower development time, no standardization.

What are Higher-level Programming Languages?

More powerful than assembly languages, allowing programmers to work in a more English-like environment. Includes 3rd, 4th, and 5th generation languages.

What are Third-generation Languages (3G)?

The first to use true English-like phrasing, making them easier to use and portable across systems. Examples: Fortran, COBOL, C/C++, Java.

What are the advantages of 3G Languages?

Readability, machine independent, easier debugging, easier to maintain, easier documentation.

What are the disadvantages of 3G Languages?

Poor control on hardware, less efficient in translation.

What are Hybrid Languages?

Advanced 3G languages that combine 4G features. Often run without compilers and use interpreters. Usually do not assign types to variables. Examples: Python, Ruby, Perl.

What are Fourth-generation Languages (4G)?

Easier to use than 3G languages, may use text-based or visual environments with graphical tools. Often do not need a compiler. Examples: Visual Basic, SQL, Unix Shell, R, Matlab, LabVIEW.

What are Fifth-generation Languages (5G)?

A debated concept; uses artificial intelligence to create software and solve problems using constraints rather than algorithms. Example: Prolog.