unit 8 - decolonization and conflict in the middle east

economic dependency

one country relies on another for economic endeavors

bandung conference

was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent

algerian war for independence

a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962

biafran civil war

armed conflict caused by the attempted secession of the provinces of the south east of Nigeria

african union

continental union of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa

FLN (national liberation front)

nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989

kenya

after elections in May 1963 Kenyatta became prime minister under a constitution that gave _____ self-government

nigeria

the secession of the three states of the Eastern region under the name of the Republic of Biafra, which the federal government interpreted as an act of rebellion

partition of india

the dissolution of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent and the creation of two independent dominions in South Asia: India and Pakistan

igbos

ethnic group in nigeria

kwame nkrumah

Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He served as Prime Minister of the Gold Coast from 1952 until 1957, when it gained independence from Britain

charles de gaulle

French army officer and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II

kofi annan

Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006.

jomo kenyatta

Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President

muslim league

political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the time of the partition of india

west pakistan

politically dominant division of the Pakistani union

east pakistan

provincial exclave of Pakistan between 1955 and 1971, covering the territory of the modern country Bangladesh.

bangladesh

former east pakistan

kashmir

territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region

benazir bhutto

Pakistani politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan. She was the first woman elected to head a democratic government in a Muslim-majority country

nelson mandela

South African anti-apartheid activist, politician, and statesman who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

apartheid

system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s

afrikaans

a language of southern Africa, derived from the form of Dutch. an official language of South Africa

homelands/bantustans

established by the Apartheid Government, were areas to which the majority of the Blacks population was moved to

freedom charter

statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress (ANC)

soweto

was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa during apartheid

f.w. de klerk

South African politician who served as a state president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994

african national congress

political party in South Africa. It originated as a liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid and has governed the country since 1994,

indian national congress

political party in India with deep roots in most regions of India. Founded in 28 December, 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa

pan-africanism

various movements in Africa that have as their common goal the unity of Africans and the elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent

gold coast

a region on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa that was rich in gold, petroleum, sweet crude oil and natural gas. This former region is now known as the country Ghana.

civil disobedience

the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

salt march

act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India, led by Mohandas Gandhi.

pakistan

country in South Asia that gained independence from British India in 1947

amritsar massacre

A large, peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, British India, during annual Baishakhi fair, to protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of pro-independence activists Dr.

satyagraha movement

particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance in south asia

quit india movement

called for India's immediate independence and for British withdrawal from the subcontinent.

muhammad ali jinnah

founder of Pakistan. served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan

mohandas gandhi

anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule.

la matanza

communist-indigenous rebellion that took place in El Salvador between 22 and 25 January 1932

populism

range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite"

good neighbor policy

non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries.

progressive policy

rooting out corruption in government, eliminating monopolies in business, and by advocating rights for those who had been discriminated against.

salvador allende

socialist politician who served as the 28th president of Chile from 1970 until his death in 1973.

sykes-picot agreement

secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.

palestinian liberation organization

Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people

arab league

an intergovernmental organisation encompassing all Arab states in the Middle East and North Africa

suez crisis

Britain along with France and Israel invaded Egypt to recover control of the Suez Canal

zionism

Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews

arab spring

series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s.

intifada

rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It is a key concept in contemporary Arabic usage referring to a uprising against oppression.

anglo-iranian oil company

British company founded in 1909 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Persia.

iranian revolution

series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

ayatollah

Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran

the great satan

derogatory epithet used in some Muslim-majority countries to refer to the United States.

secularism

movement towards the separation of religion and government, often termed the separation of church and state.

israel

country in the Middle East, established in 1948 as a homeland for Jews after World War II.

palestine

area of the eastern Mediterranean region, comprising parts of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip

6 day war

fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states from 5 to 10 June 1967

yom kippur war

or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

nasser

leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful.

balfour declaration

public pledge by Britain in 1917 declaring its aim to establish “a national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.

pan-arab nationalism

advocated the political, cultural and socioeconomic unity of Arabs across the different states that emerged after decolonisation

non alignment policy

founded in 1961 with the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation.

mossadegh

leader of iran that nationalized the Iranian oil industry

shah reza khan

Iranian military officer and the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty whose initial policies of reform and modernization were militaristic and authoritarian

shah mohammad reza pahlavi

shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, who maintained a pro-Western foreign policy and fostered economic development in Iran