public speaking final

listeners are persuaded for 1 of 4 reasons

-perceived credibility of speaker
-evidence
-convinced by reasoning
-touched by ideas or language

speaker credibility

competence, characters, types of credibility, and enhancements

types of credibility

initial, derived, terminal

three ways to enhance credibility

-explain competence via research or personal experience
-establish common ground (“we” language and identify the audience’s values)
-be animated and use expression in delivery

importances of evidence

the audience should hear evidence, be specific (“this study shows…”), use novel or new evidence (carry its own credibility), use of credible sources, and make point of evidence clear (do not assume)

persuasion

the process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors

what is key to persuasion?

motivation

aristotle on persuasion

emphasized ethos, pathos, and logos as essential rhetorical appeals

common fallacies in persuasion speeches

-hasty generalizations

-assigning false cause

-oversimplification

-dissimilar analogies

-red herring: distracting elements that will change course of focus/ cause an emotional response

-ad hominem fallacy: attack the individual itself instead of the issue at hand

-either/or fallacy

-bandwagon fallacy

-slippery slope fallacy

typical needs of people

include physiological, safety, self-esteem, self actualization, and social based on maslow heriarchy of needs

what is reasoning?

process of drawing conclusions based on evidence

types of persuasion speeches

fact, value, policy

how does persuasive speaking differ from informative speaking?

-leadership
-risk/commitment
-advocates choice
-emotional appeals
-greater ethics

patterns of organization

-topical
-problem/solution
-problem/cause/solution

four basic methods of delivering a speech

manuscript, memory, impromptu, extemporaneous

impromptu

little or no immediate preparation
state, relate, support, conclude

extemporaneous

-prepared and practiced in advance
-presented from a set of notes, but exact wording is chosen at the memory of delivery

advantages of extemporaneous

-greater control over ideas and language than impromptu delivery
-allows for greater spontaneity and directness
-encourages conversational vocal qualities

learn to control voice

volume, pitch, rate, effective pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

physical actions

personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

problem cause solution speeches

problems are quantitative and qualitative
illustrating problems are concrete, salient, vivid
causes are single, multiple, chain
test for causes are a necessary or sufficient conditions
solutions are symptomatic, causal, and show workability

exigence (1968-bitzer)

something waiting to be done

rhetorical situation

event that gives rise to need for communicative response

special occasion speeches are done at?

weddings, funerals, dedications, anniversaries, tradegies

what is the purpose of special occasion speeches?

purpose of speech is not to inform or persuade per se but to fulfill needs of occasion
important to remember occasion and audience

speeches of introduction goals

“warm up” audience and motivate audience to listen

four elements in a good introduction

speakers background, speaker’s topic, occasion, audience

speeches of acceptance

be genuine and humble, thank those sponsoring award, thank those who helped you, convey meaning of award

toasts

introduce yourself/relationship to honoree, highlight what makes her/him special, be positive, be brief

eulogies

from greek “to praise”
introduce yourself/relationship to deceased, refer to family, commemorate life, be positive but realistic

commencement addresses

celebrate accomplishment and future, use real stories, remember that they are focus not you, refer to families, make goal clear, be brief, end dramatically

speakers can improve their speech delivery by following a five step method

a. prepare a speaking outline
b. rehearse aloud
c. practice often
d. use mirror or recording
e. dress rehearsal with friends with possible

what type of fallacy is this statement?
“i don’t see any reason to wear a helmet when i ride a bike. everyone bikes without a helmet”

bandwagon

what type of fallacy is this statement?
its ridiculous to worry about protecting america’s national parks against pollution and overuse when innocent people are being killed by terrorists

red herring because it distracts from the original issue by bringing up an unrelated emotionally charged topic

what type of fallacy is this statement?
there can be no doubt that the great depression was caused by herbert hoover. he became president in march 1929 and the stock market crashed just seven months later

false cause

what type of fallacy is this statement?
if we allow the school board to spend money remodeling the gymnasium, next they will want to build a new school and give all the teachers a huge raise. taxes will soar so high that businesses will leave and then there will no jobs for anyone in this town

slippery slope

what type of fallacy is this statement?
i can’t support representative frey’s proposal for campaign finance reform. after all he was kicked out of law school for cheating on an exam

ad hominem because it is attacking the person’s character rather than addressing the merits or flaws of the actual proposal

what type of fallacy is this statement?
one nonsmoker said i can eat dinner just fine even though people around me are smoking and another said my wife smokes and it has never bothered me. we can see then that secondhand smoke does not cause a problem for most nonsmokers

hasty generalization

what type of fallacy is this statement?
our school must either increase tuition or cut back on library services for students

either-or/ fallacy because these are two extreme options ignoring the possibility of other solutions or compromises