Chapter 19 America's History Eighth Edition

Chicago School

Originating in Chicago, these places were where great architects learned new ways to express creativity when designing building

Race Riots

public outbreak of violence between two racial groups, especially prominent in the early 1900s between blacks and whites

Social Settlement

welfare centers designed to look after the urban poor and raised funds to address urgent needs

Scott Joplin

master of the ragtime genre, grew up along the Texas-Arkansas border

Tom Johnson

First elected mayor of Cleveland in 1901 and helped to really turn Cleveland around, making reforms for the poor and fighting for municipal rights

Florence Kelly

social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today

Skyscrapers

a very tall building of many stories, first was the Woolworth's five and dime building

Mutual Aid Societies

A benefit society, fraternal benefit society or fraternal benefit order is a society, an organization or a voluntary association formed to provide mutual aid, benefit, for instance insurance for relief from sundry difficulties

Tenements

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments, a piece of land held by an owner

Vaudeville

a type of entertainment popular chiefly in the US in the early 20th century, featuring a mixture of specialty acts such as burlesque comedy and song and dance

Ragtime

music characterized by a syncopated melodic line and regularly accented accompaniment, evolved by black American musicians in the 1890s and played especially on the piano.

Blues

melancholic music of black American folk origin, typically in a twelve-bar sequence. It developed in the rural southern US toward the end of the 19th century, finding a wider audience in the 1940s as blacks migrated to the cities

Yellow Journalism

based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration

Joseph Pulitzer

Hungarian-born American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World, introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s

William Hearst

American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain, "The New York Journal" and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism

Muckrakers

used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who wrote largely for all popular magazines. The modern term is investigative journalism

Ida Tarbell

American teacher, author and journalist. She was one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is thought to have pioneered investigative journalism

Political machines

political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts

Tammany Hall

the name given to the Democratic political machine that dominated New York City politics from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the election of Fiorello LaGuardia in 1934

National Municipal League

founded in 1894 at a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania convention of politicians, policy-makers, journalists, and educators (including Theodore Roosevelt, Louis Brandeis, Marshall Field, and Frederick Law Olmsted) to discuss the future of American cities

Progressivism

broad philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advancement in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to improve the human condition

Jacob Riis

Danish-American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer, wrote "How the Other Half Lives"

"How the Other Half Lives"

written by Jacob Riis, includes photos of the bad conditions of urban middle class living, helped the push for reform

"City Beautiful" Movement

reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities

Jane Addams

pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House

Hull House

a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, opened its doors to recently arrived European immigrants

Pure Food and Drug Act

act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes

National Consumers' League

a private, nonprofit advocacy group representing consumers on marketplace and workplace issues, chartered in 1899 by social reformers Jane Addams and Josephine Lowell, first general secretary was Florence Kelley

Women's Trade Union League

U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

burst into flames in 1911, killing 145 workers, who were mostly women, and a large majority of the deaths were due to faults in safety

Margaret Sanger

an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse, popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Upton Sinclair

American author, wrote "The Jungle" describing horrible conditions in the meat-packing industries in America