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Nutrition
Process by which food is taken into and used by the body
Includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport and metabolism
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism
What 5 methods are included in nutrition?
Nutrients
Chemicals used by the body; consist of CHO, CHON, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
What are 6 chemicals nutrients consist of?
Vitamins, Minerals, H2O
What nutrients are taken into the body as they are?
Trace Elements
Nutrients needed in small amounts
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients needed by body and cannot be produced by body
MyPlate
Serves as visual reminder for making choices at mealtime, half the meal should be fruits and vegetables
Kilocalorie
Energy required to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water 1 degree centigrade
Calorie
Unit of measurement used to express the energy content of food
Large Polysaccharides, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
4 Types of Complex Carbohydrates
Starch
Energy-storage molecules in plants
Glycogen
Energy-storage molecules in animals, located mainly in muscle and liver
Cellulose
Forms plant cell walls; served as fiber and give bulk to feces
Glucose
Energy source used to produce ATP
Excess of this leads to glycogen or lipid
Sugar forms part of DNA, RNA & ATP
Combine with protein form glycoproteins
ATP, DNA, RNA
What is glucose used to produce?
Glycogen or Lipids
What does excess glucose lead to?
Glycoproteins
When glucose combines with protein, what is formed?
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
(From Google)
Recommended percentage range of calories that should come from each macronutrient (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) in a healthy diet
45-65%
What is the AMDR for Carbohydrates?
Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids & fat-soluble vitamins
What are 4 types of lipids?
Triglyceride
What is the most common type of lipid in the diet?
Monounsaturated Fat & Polyunsaturated Fat
2 Types of Unsaturated Fats
Monounsaturated Fat
One type of unsaturated fat
From olive and peanut oils
Polyunsaturated Fat
One type of unsaturated fat
From fish, sunflower and corn oils
Hydrogenated Oil
Liquid fat processed to solid form; becomes harder in room temperature
Trans Fat
What type of fat is hydrogenated oil?
Increase LDL & decrease HDL, risking cardiovascular disease
What is the effect of trans fatty acids, increasing risk of what?
Cholesterol
Steroid found in high concentrations in the brain, liver and egg yolks, whole milk, cheese, butter and meats; not found in plants
Phospholipids
Major components of cell membrane; found in variety of food like egg yolk
Lecithin
Example of a phospholipid
20-35% in adults
25-35% for children & adolescents
30-35% 2-3 y o children
What is the AMDR for Lipids based on age?
Triglycerides
Lipid that acts as a source of energy for ATP production
Pads organs, skin insulator that prevents heat loss
What is the main function of adipose tissue?
Cholesterol
What lipid is part of cell membrane; can become bile salts and steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone and testosterone) regulating reproductive system?
Bile Salts & Steroid Hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone)
What can cholesterol become?
Phospholipids
What lipid is part of cell membrane and form myelin sheath?
Lecithin
Present in bile to emulsify fats
Eicosanoids
From fatty acids, involved in inflammation, tissue repair, and smooth muscle contractions
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid
2 essential fatty acids, found in plant oils like canola & soybean oil
Linoleic Acid
One of the essential fatty acids, found in plant oils like canola & soybean oil
Converted to arachidonic acid that produce prostaglandins & increase blood clotting.
Arachidonic Acid
What does linoleic acid get converted into?
Produces prostaglandins, increasing blood clotting
What does arachidonic acid produce, causing what?
Alpha-Linolenic Acid
One of the essential fatty acids, found in plant oils like canola & soybean oil
Converted to eicosapentaenoic acid (ePa) that produce prostaglandins that decrease blood clotting. Food rich with EPA: salmon, tuna, sardines increase synthesis of prostaglandins that < blood clotting. Fish oil supplements are alternatives.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (ePa)
What is Alpha-Linolenic Acid converted into?
Produces prostaglandins that decrease blood clotting
What does Eicosapentaenoic Acid (ePa) produce, causing what?
Salmon, Tuna, Sardines, Fish Oil Supplements
Examples of food rich in ePa
Animal Proteins (like red meat, fish, poultry, egg, cheese)
What tend to be complete in protein?
Plant Proteins (like leafy green veg, grains and legumes)
What tend to be incomplete in protein?
Structural Strength
Muscle Contraction
Regulation
Buffering
Clotting
Transport
Ion Channels
Receptors
Immune System
9 Functions/Uses of Proteins
10-35%
What is the AMDR for proteins?
CHON
What elements compose proteins?
Vitamins
Organic molecules found in minute quantities in food & essential to normal metabolism
Provitamin
Refer to part of vitamin that can be modified into a functional vitamin ( Beta carotene to vit A)
Fat-Soluble & Water-Soluble
2 Categories of Vitamins
Vitamins ADEK
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins B & C
Water Soluble Vitamins
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Guide for estimating nutritional needs based on age, gender & other factors
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients, essential for normal metabolic functions
Establishing resting membrane potential
Generating action potential
Strength of bones & teeth
Acting as coenzymes
Buffers or regulators of osmotic pressures
What are 5 processes minerals are involved in?
Daily Values
Dietary references that can be used to plan a healthful diet; Appear on food labels.
Metabolism
Total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Catabolism & Anabolism
2 Types of Metabolism
Catabolism
Type of metabolism
Energy-releasing process by which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones
Anabolism
Type of metabolism
Energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger ones.
Cellular Metabolism
Chemical reactions within cells
Carbohydrates (CHO), Protein (CHON), Lipids
What macronutrients can be a source of ATP?
Active transport, muscle contraction and molecular synthesis
What are 3 ways energy from ATP is used for?
Absorptive State & Postabsorptive State
2 Types of Metabolic States
Absorptive State
Type of metabolic state
After a meal, nutrients are used as energy, with some being stored.
Last about 4hrs after each meal.
4 hours
How long does the Absorptive State typically last after a meal?
Postabsorptive State
Type of metabolic state
Occurs late in the morning, late in the afternoon or during the night after each absorptive state is concluded.
Stored nutrients (glycogen, glycerol, amino acids) are converted and used for energy.
Glycogen, Glycerol, Amino Acids
During the Postabsorptive State, what are converted and used for energy?
Metabolic Rate
Total energy expenditure per unit of time
Body Temperature
Maintained by balancing heat input with heat loss
Heat
What does metabolism produce?
Radiation, Conduction, Convection, Evaporation
4 Ways Heat is Exchanged
Radiation
One way heat is exchanged
Heat gain or loss without physical contact
Conduction
One way heat is exchanged
Exchange of heat by direct contact
Convection
One way heat is exchanged
Transfer of heat between body & air/H20
Evaporation
One way heat is exchanged
Conversion of water into gaseous form
Greater the temp difference, the greater the rate of heat exchange
Relationship between temperature difference and heat exchange
Neural Circuits in the Hypothalamus
What keeps body temperature at a set point?
Vasodilation & Sweating
Increases heat loss from the body
Vasoconstriction & Shivering
Promotes heat gain by the body
Negative-Feedback Mechanism
What type of mechanism does body temperature follow?
