PNE 155 (chapter 15 review & workbook)

Nerve tissue composition

Nerve tissue is composed of neurons.

Two main neuron types (as noted in the material)

Sensory and afferent neurons.

Cartilage function

Acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction between moving parts.

Dorsal cavity subdivisions

Cranial and spinal cavities.

Reason for slow healing of cartilaginous tissue

Cartilaginous tissue is poorly supplied with blood vessels.

Tissue in the external ear

Elastic connective tissue.

Frontal plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Areolar tissue

A loose connective tissue.

Blood (as connective tissue)

A connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements that transports substances.

Cartilage (as connective tissue)

A connective tissue with a firm gel-like matrix.

Cell reproduction (general purpose)

Aids in repair of wounds and replacement of damaged or dead cells.

Phosphorus

An essential element making up about 1% of body weight and one of the seven elements that constitute most of the body.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into right and left sides.

Abdominal quadrants

Right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant (RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ).

Protoplasm is the

living content of a cell.

Nucleus is the

control center of the cell containing its genetic material.

What is Cytoplasm

The material between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

Nucleolus is the site of

ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.

What do Chromosomes carry

Structures that carry genes.

Genes means

Units of heredity that determine inherited traits.

Mitochondrion is the

The powerhouse of the cell, producing energy (ATP).

What is Cilia

Hair-like structures that aid movement of the cell or move substances across its surface.

Anatomy is the

study of body structure.

Physiology is the

study of body function.

Pathophysiology is the

study of disorders of functioning.

Muscle tissue function

Contracts or shortens to produce movement; can be voluntary or involuntary.

Epigastric region is located where

Central area above the costal margins.

Major elements in the body

Common elements include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium.

Compound is a substance

formed when two or more elements combine in specific proportions.

Inorganic matter means?

not derived from living matter; does not primarily contain carbon–hydrogen bonds (e.g., water).

Organic compound is a compound derived from?

living matter; typically contains carbon (and often hydrogen).

Valence is the number of what

unpaired electrons in an atom's outer shell, determining bonding capacity.

Synthesis (anabolism) is what

A reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones.

Decomposition (catabolism) is

A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Exchange reaction is where

parts of two compounds swap to form new compounds.

Reversible reaction is

A reaction that can proceed in both directions, turning products back into reactants.

A Mixture is what

A combination of two or more substances mixed without forming a new chemical compound; components retain properties and can be separated.

What is the Universal solvent

Water; the solvent that dissolves many substances.

A Atom is

The basic unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

A Proton is

Positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus.

A Neutron is

Electrically neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus.

An Electron is

Negatively charged subatomic particle orbiting the nucleus.

An Isotope is

Variants of an element with different numbers of neutrons, altering atomic weight.

What is Atomic mass & how do you get it

Approximately the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (electrons contribute negligibly).

What is a Trace element

An element required in very small amounts for biological processes.

Water's percentage in the body

Adult bodies are about 50–65% water (approx. 50–60% in females, 60–65% in males); newborns about 75%.

Chemistry is

Science concerned with the structure and composition of matter; foundational to health care.

Homeostasis is

Dynamic balance of the body's internal environment maintained by physiological processes.

Matter is

Anything that occupies space and has weight.

States of matter

Solids, liquids, and gases.

Physics is the

Science of the laws governing matter and its interactions with energy.

Energy has the

capacity to perform work.

Potential energy is

Stored energy due to position.

Kinetic energy is

Energy of motion.

Physical change is

A change in appearance or form without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

Chemical change is

A transformation that alters the chemical composition of a substance.

Prefix is where in a word

Beginning part of a word; a word part that appears at the start.

Root is where in a word

The core part of a word that carries its basic meaning.

Suffix is where in a word

The ending part of a word.

What is a Combining vowel

A vowel that joins a root to another root or suffix to aid pronunciation.

Anatomy is

The study of the structure of the body.

Gross anatomy is

Anatomy visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy is

Anatomy requiring the use of a microscope.

Physiology is

The study of body functions.

Pathophysiology is

Study of disorders affecting function.

What is the Anatomic position

Standing upright, facing forward, with palms facing forward and arms at the sides.

What is the Body plane

Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into sections.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right; midsagittal plane runs along the midline.

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

What is a Body cavity

A space within the body that contains internal organs (viscera).

Viscera contains

Internal organs within the body cavities.

Superior

Above or in a higher position.

Inferior

Below or in a lower position.

Cranial

Pertaining to the head or toward the head.

Caudal

Toward the tail or lower part of the body.

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front or belly surface of the body.

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Nearer the midline of the body.

Inferomedial

Nearer the midline and toward the feet.

Lateral

Away from the midline; toward the side.

Superolateral

Toward the head and toward the outer side.

Internal

Deep within the body.

External

Toward the outer surface of the body.

Proximal

Nearer to the origin of a body part.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part.

Central

Situated at or pertaining to the center.

Peripheral

Situated at or pertaining to the outward part of a surface.

Parietal

Pertaining to the walls or the sides of a cavity.

Visceral

Pertaining to the internal organs within a cavity.

Supine

Lying with the face upward.

Prone

Lying with the face downward.

Deep

Away from the surface; internal.

Superficial

On or near the surface.

Umbilicus (navel) is located where

Central crossing point for the horizontal and vertical body dividers; reference point for planes.

Cranial cavity has what inside

Cavity that houses the brain.

Oral cavity contains

Mouth; cavity that includes the mouth and teeth.

Nasal cavity contains

Nose and nasal passages.

Orbital cavity contains

Cavity that contains the eyes.

Spinal (Vertebral) cavity contains

Cavity that houses the spinal cord.