RUTGERS BIO 115 final

Memory storage

Ability to store information in the brain

Learning using information

Process of acquiring knowledge through experience

Gene expression

How DNA instructions are used

Signal transduction

When and how gene expression occurs

Neuronal plasticity

Brain connections can be modified after birth

Synapses

Tiny spaces between neurons that signal importance

Encode permanent connections in the brain

Process of forming lasting neural pathways

Store memory in cerebral cortex

Long-term memory storage location

Sensory memory

Initial sensory experience memory

Attention

Process that moves sensory memory to short-term memory

Short-term memory

What you are aware of now

Capacity of short-term memory

Holds about 7±2 items

Examples of working memory

Planning, strategizing, organizing

Long-term memory

Permanent memory storage

Examples of long-term memory

Practice evaluations and discussions

Long-term potentiation

Strengthening of synapses

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar units

Study in segments

Breaking studying into chunks

Review every few days

Spacing effect

Explain material to others

Active recall strategy

Stimulus

Any event that evokes a response

Evolution

Change in organisms over time

Emergent properties

New properties from complex systems

Biosphere

Largest level of organization

Ecosystems

All living and nonliving things in area

Communities

All populations in area

Populations

Group of same species

Organisms

Individual living things

Organs and organ systems

Cooperating structures

Tissues

Groups of similar cells

Cells

Smallest unit of life

Organelles

Functional structures within cells

Molecules

Groups of bonded atoms

Scientific method

Systematic process of inquiry

Observation

First step of scientific method

Hypothesis

Testable prediction

Experiment

Test of hypothesis

Data collection

Gathering results

Conclusion

Interpretation of data

Retesting

Replication of experiment

Theory

Broad explanation supported by evidence

Law

Statement of what always happens

CHON

Elements making up most living matter

Protons

Positive charge in nucleus

Electrons

Negative charge around nucleus

Neutrons

Neutral particles in nucleus

Potential energy

Stored energy

Molecules

Two or more bonded atoms

Chemical bonds

Attractive forces holding atoms together

Electronegativity

Ability to attract electrons

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Equal electron sharing

Polar covalent bonds

Unequal electron sharing

Ionic bonds

Electron transfer

Van der Waals interactions

Weak attractions

Hydrogen bonds

Attraction between polar molecules

Hydroxyl group

Alcohol functional group

Carbonyl group

Aldehyde or ketone

Carboxyl group

Acidic functional group

Amino group

Basic functional group

Sulfhydryl group

Thiol group

Phosphate group

Energy-related functional group

Methyl group

Nonpolar functional group

Carbohydrates

Energy and structure molecules

Monosaccharides

Single sugar units

Disaccharides

Two linked sugars

Polysaccharides

Long sugar chains

Glycosidic linkages

Bonds between sugars

Starch

Energy storage in plants

Glycogen

Energy storage in animals

Cellulose

Structural carbohydrate

Chitin

Structural polysaccharide

Lipids

Hydrophobic molecules

Ester linkages

Bonds in lipids

Saturated fats

No double bonds

Unsaturated fats

One or more double bonds

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids

Amino acids

Protein monomers

Peptide bonds

Bonds between amino acids

Primary protein structure

Amino acid sequence

Secondary protein structure

Hydrogen bonding patterns

Tertiary protein structure

R-group interactions

Quaternary protein structure

Multiple polypeptides

Nucleic acids

Genetic information molecules

Nucleotides

Monomers of nucleic acids

Phosphodiester bonds

Backbone bonds in DNA

DNA

Genetic blueprint

RNA

Protein production molecule

Prebiotic soup hypothesis

Life arose from early atmosphere

Miller-Urey experiment

Simulated early Earth chemistry

Iron-sulfur world hypothesis

Life began at hydrothermal vents

Abiogenesis

Origin of life from nonliving matter

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with membrane-bound organelles

Nucleus

Contains DNA

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis sites

Rough ER

Protein modification

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus

Protein sorting

Lysosomes

Digestive organelles

Vesicles

Transport structures