Foundations (Before 1200 CE)

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25 Terms

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Paleolithic Age

Out of Africa Theory, began 100,000 years ago

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Paleolithic Characteristics

Nomadic, hunger-gatherers, simple stone tools, no cities or towns, no specialized occupations or leaders, oral language only, fire

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Neolithic Age

Agriculture emerged around 10,000 years ago, domestication of plants and animals, people settled into permanent farming villages

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Neolithic 6 Characteristics

Less egalitarian (less equality more hierarchical), epidemic diseases spread, villages became cities became civilization, specialized labor developed, writing developed, population boomed

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Civilizations

First began with river valley civilizations, then classical empires

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Empire Characteristics Listed

Urban Focus, Social Hierarchy, Patriarchy, Centralization, Emphasis on Trade, and Infrastructure/Monumental Architecture

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Urban Focus

Urbanization was the movement into cities; Mesopotamian and Greek city-states, Persia; possible with agriculture

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Social Hierarchy

Stratification, divisions and inequalities within society; specializations led to inequalities and law codes reflected them; wealth was hoarded instead of shared, slavery

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Patriarchy

Physical strength was needed for farming, so men rose up in importance; women stayed home; few societies (egypt) were not patriarchal; cultural practices reflected these patterns

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Centralization

Kings had bureaucracies that managed the government through appointed officials; Persia and China were merit-based; politics grew

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Emphasis on Trade

Trade was taxed to give an empire wealth, protecting these routes was crucial to the empire’s thriving

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Infrastructure/ Monumental Architecture

keeping the people happy by providing roads and aqueducts, walls and fortifications

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Why do Empires Collapse?

Over-extension with border maintenance and protection, political corruption, failing economy, peasant revolts, alienation of elite with high taxes, disease epidemics, and invasion

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Zoroastrianism

Beliefs include free will, right v. wrong, and final judgement; focus on cultural contribution of Persia, influenced monotheistic religions in the region

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Judaism

Founded by Abraham; first monotheistic, 10 Commandments, the Torah; history of living in diasporic communities (outside homeland)

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Hinduism

Unknown founder, believe in many forms of one god, karma, and reincarnation, the Vedas (sacred text), created caste system and cultural unity in India (both monotheistic and polytheistic)

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Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Guatama (buddha); believe in Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Enlightenment; rejected the caste system; monastic communities, welcomed women and lower classes, spread on trade routes

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Christianity

Jesus founded, Jesus was the messiah, monotheistic; rejected caste system, monastic communities, welcomed women and lower classes, spread on trade routes

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Islam

Founded by Muhammad; monotheistic, 5 pillars, holy cities Mecca and Medina; Qur’an (sacred text); displaced zoroastrianism, islam/arabic provided unity in Middle East

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Animism

Part of polytheism, religious belief that focused on the roles of various gods and spirits in the natural world and human life

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Shamanism

Part of polytheism, practice of identifying special individuals who interact with spirits for the benefit of the community (Korea, Asia)

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Polytheism

the belief in more than one god, shamanism and animism

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Silk Road

a trade route that was mostly relays between horse and camel caravans; cities became social and economic hotspots that facilitated trade; often dangerous routes and luxury products; horses, silk, porcelain, paper were all traded; Buddhism and Christianity and disease traveled, banking houses and paper money too

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Indian Ocean

Cities were coastal and connected East Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia; depended on Monsoon Winds to thrive; brought Buddhism into Southeast Asia and sailing technologies; pigments, pearls, spices, and fruit

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Trans-Saharan

Salt from Sahara, gold from West Africa; Islam and camel saddle and caravan were all differences; connected Europe with West Africa