Cytogenetics MTerm

3

Each amino acid is specified by a sequence of ___ nucleotides, a word in the vocabulary of the genome

regulatory sequences

The sequence that directs the synthesis of protein. is called ____.

the mRNA is used in other transcriptions

Describe the fate of the RNA’s during the termination of the translation for each protein

the tRNA will disconnect & goes back to the cytoplasm

Describe the fate of the RNA’s during the termination of the translation for each protein

the rRNA will float off to be used in other translations

Describe the fate of the RNA’s during the termination of the translation for each protein

integrase

This cDNA produced by the virus is integrated into the host cell's genome via this enzyme:

Uracil

Cytosine

Thymine

These are pyrimidines

Polyadenylation

Eukaryotes use this strategy for transcription termination

Glycine & Alanine

These are small amino acids:

3 hydrogen bonds

cytosines and guanines

2 hydrogen bonds

adenines and thymines

1 phosphodiester bond

between 2 sugar molecules

Centromere

It divides the chromosome into a short arm (p) and a long arm (q)

Uracil

It replaces thymine in RNA:

consists of noncoding DNA

located at the ends of linear (chromosomal) DNA

contains repeat sequences

All refer to ‘telomeres’

Transcription Factors

assisting proteins to help initiate and produce the transcript

RNA polymerase

during transcription, a DNA sequence is read by this enzyme

RNA editing factors

does the proofreading during Transcription Elongation

These are pyrimidines Except:

Adenine

nucleus

Eukaryotic chromosomes are sequestered within a __.

Asparagine & Glutamine

These amino acids are known to be amides:

from the 5’ end to the terminating codon at the 3’ end

In translation the mRNA will run through the rRNA _______ .

5' → 3' direction

The complementary RNA during transcription is created from the

coding sequence

The sequence that will eventually be directly translated into the protein is called regulatory sequences

Giemsa

specific for the phosphate groups of DNA

Quinacrine

binds to the adenine thymine-rich regions

50

The speed of DNA replication for humans is about how many nucleotides per second per replication fork?

Translation

The base sequence of mRNA is decoded in this process to make a sequence of amino acids.

transcription Factors

The polymerase enzyme needs these assisting proteins to help initiate and produce the transcript:

Threonine

Serine

Cysteine

These amino acids are Nucleophilic

80

The σ factor is released before _____ nucleotides of mRNA are synthesized.

abortive initiation

These are truncated transcripts

telomerase

When activated, it enables cancer cells to become technically immortal

only one

Bacterial and viral DNA have _____replication origin/s.

Located in nucleoid

Usually one chromosome

Folded into loops that are 50,000-100,000 bp

Bacterial chromosomes have these characterististics

chloroplasts

nucleoid

mitochondria

the following is an extranuclear DNA?

three prime untranslated region

The sequence following (downstream) the coding sequence is called the

Escherichia coli

these organisms has only 1 chromosome

five prime untranslated region

The regulatory sequence before (upstream) the coding sequence is called the

DNA helicase

This is involved in the separation of opposing strands of double-stranded DNA to provide access to a single-stranded DNA template.

Walter Fleming

Chromosomes were first observed in tumor cells by ___ in 1882.

core promoter

Sequences within the promoter, essential for transcription initiation

reverse transcriptase

Viruses such as HIV, the cause of AIDS, have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA using this enzyme

Meselson - Stahl

He proved the correct model of DNA Replication through experimentation.

30,000 - 300,000

Replication origins are spaced from each other between this number of nucleotides:

enters A site then moves to P site of the rRNA

During translation, the elongating polypeptide chain of amino acid_____.

ribonuclease H

This enzyme can digest the RNA strand

44

Total number of human autosomes.

promoter clearance

The factor Sigma plays an important role in this stage of transcription.

Transcription

It is the temporary copying of information by RNA using DNA as a template:

3’ – 5’

The daughter strand, called leading strand, that uses a 5'-3' template proceeds in a _______ direction.

methionine

The start codon brings with it this appropriate amino acid

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

Phenylalanine

These amino acids are aromatic

-30 base pairs from the start site of transcription.

The TATA box, as a core promoter is found

RNA polymerase

This is in charge of clearing the promoter during transcription:

RNA polymerase

During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by

cytoplasm

Where does translation occur in the Eukaryotes?

Resistance (R) factors

carry genes for being less susceptible to antimicrobial drugs or toxins.

Bacteriocin factors

carry genes for proteinaceous toxins

Virulence plasmids

carry genes for pathogenicity

Fertility (F) factors

conjugation, transfer of genes

transcription

The first step leading to gene expression:

DNA

The information for making proteins is carried in each cell’s

-75

-30

-90

Promoters are found in these base pairs upstream from the start site of transcription

characteristic banding patterns

the position of the centromere

chromosome size

Cytogeneticists use these three things to tell chromosomes apart

mRNA = the coder, rRNA = the factory, tRNA = the worker

How do each type of RNA participate in the translation?

the coder

mRNA

the factory

rRNA

tRNA

the worker

Helicase

This enzyme unwounds a portion of the DNA Double Helix during replication.

prokaryotes

Has a faster Speed of DNA Replication?

Semiconservative Replication

The correct model of DNA Replication which was proved by experiment. The correct model of DNA Replication which was proved by experiment

cytosine

guanine in RNA

uracil

adenine in RNA

cytosine

guanine in DNA

thymine

adenine in DNA

tRNA

It is shaped like a Clover-leaf.

RNA

Ribose sugar

RNA

Uracil in place of Thymine

DNA

Double stranded

mRNA

carries the genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

rRNA

largest among the RNA’s

fibrillar region of the nucleolus & pars fibrosa

rRNA are synthesized in the _______________.

Polynucleotide

Formed by bonds between sugar and phosphate (sugar-phosphate backbone)

Classic karyotyping

uses a dye to stain chromosome bands

Spectral karyotyping

visualize all chromosomes pairs in different colors.

Digital karyotyping

quantify the DNA copy number on a genomic scale

Linear rather than circular

Bacterial chromosomes have these characterististics EXCEPT:

plasmids

Which of the following is not an extranuclear DNA?

Nucleases

Remove wrong nucleotides from the daughter strand.

DNA Ligase

Adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate sugar backbone

RNA Primase

Attaches RNA primers to the replicating strands.

DNA Polymerase epsilon (å)

Binds to the 3'- 5' strand in order to create discontinuous segments starting from different RNA primers.

DNA Polymerase delta (ä)

Binds to the 5'- 3' strand creating the daughter leading strand.

The following refers to the DNA Double Helix EXCEPT:

The turning occurs at the G-C rich areas.

Methionine

These amino acids has basic chemical characteristics EXCEPT:

Semiconservative Replication

DNA Replication would create two molecules, with each of them becoming a complex of an old parental and a daughter strand.

Dispersive Replication

Replication Process would create two DNA double-chains, each of them with parts of both parent and daughter molecules.

Conservative Replication

DNA Replication process would create a brand new DNA double helix made of two daughter strands while the parental chains would stay together.

-50

Promoters are found in these base pairs upstream from the start site of transcription EXCEPT: