United States History 1301 Exam 2 Chapter 8

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Chapter 8 - Review 1: Describe the basic beliefs of the Democratic-Republican Party in 1801.

Democratic-Republicans favored limited and inexpensive federal government, strict constitutional interpretation, states' rights, low taxes and debt, an agrarian republic of independent farmers, civil liberty, and peaceful foreign relations.

Chapter 8 - Review 2: Discuss the motivation and movement of westerners in the early nineteenth century.

Western migrants sought inexpensive land, economic independence, commercial opportunity, and social advancement. Northerners moved through Pennsylvania and New York into the Northwest Territory, while southerners entered Kentucky and Tennessee; they depended heavily on rivers, especially the Mississippi and New Orleans, and displaced Native peoples.

Chapter 8 - Review 3: Discuss the goals of Jefferson's initial actions as president.

Jefferson wanted to reduce the size and cost of the federal government, cut debt and taxes, repeal Federalist measures, limit the military and bureaucracy, preserve peace, and reconcile political opponents. His informal public style was intended to make the presidency appear republican rather than monarchical.

Chapter 8 - Review 4: Describe how Jefferson wished to cut the national debt.

Jefferson and Treasury secretary Albert Gallatin reduced military spending, closed diplomatic missions, limited federal offices, and repealed internal taxes. They relied mainly on customs revenue and western land sales while applying budget surpluses to the debt.

Chapter 8 - Review 5: Explain how Louisiana became part of the United States.

Spain transferred Louisiana to France, raising fears that Napoleon could close New Orleans and the Mississippi to American trade. Jefferson sent negotiators to purchase New Orleans, but after setbacks in Haiti and renewed European war, Napoleon sold the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million in 1803, doubling the nation's size.

Chapter 8 - Review 6: Discuss the goal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

The Corps of Discovery was sent to map the Louisiana Territory and a route to the Pacific, gather scientific and military information, record plants, animals, geography, and Native nations, encourage trade, and strengthen the United States claim to the West.

Chapter 8 - Review 7: Describe Jefferson's policy toward the Barbary pirates.

Jefferson refused to accept unlimited tribute demands and sent naval forces to the Mediterranean during the Tripolitan War. A blockade, naval attacks, and a Marine expedition pressured Tripoli into a 1805 treaty, although the United States still paid ransom and did not immediately end all tribute.

Chapter 8 - Review 8: Describe Jefferson's policy toward the Federalist Party judges.

Jeffersonian Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, withheld some undelivered midnight commissions, and attempted to remove strongly partisan judges through impeachment. Jefferson accepted some remaining Federalist judges but sought to reduce their political influence.

Chapter 8 - Review 9: Explain the results and significance of Marbury v. Madison.

The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission but that the law giving the Court power to issue the requested writ conflicted with the Constitution. By declaring part of an act of Congress unconstitutional, Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review and strengthened the judiciary.

Chapter 8 - Review 10: Describe the Democratic-Republican Party's attack on the Federalist judges.

Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 and used impeachment against Federalist judges. Judge John Pickering was removed, but the Senate acquitted Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase, establishing that judges could not be removed merely for partisan rulings or political beliefs.

Chapter 8 - Review 11: Discuss Aaron Burr's conspiracies.

After killing Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel, Burr became involved in a mysterious western scheme with General James Wilkinson that may have aimed to separate western lands or seize Spanish territory. Burr was tried for treason in 1807 but acquitted because the prosecution could not prove an overt act meeting the Constitution's strict definition.

Chapter 8 - Review 12: List the major legislation impacting the United States economy during the British-French war.

The major measures were the Non-Importation Act of 1806, Embargo Act of 1807, Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, and Macon's Bill No. 2 of 1810. Each attempted to use trade restrictions to force Britain and France to respect American neutral rights.

Chapter 8 - Review 13: Describe Jefferson's reaction to the British-French war.

Jefferson tried to avoid war while defending neutral shipping through economic pressure. After continued seizures and the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, he supported the Embargo Act, which stopped foreign commerce but damaged American merchants and farmers, encouraged smuggling, and was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Chapter 8 - Review 14: Describe Madison's reaction to the British-French war.

Madison continued economic coercion through the Non-Intercourse Act and Macon's Bill No. 2. When Napoleon falsely suggested France would respect American rights, Madison restored restrictions against Britain; continued impressment, seizures, and frontier conflict eventually pushed him to request war in 1812.

Chapter 8 - Review 15: Name the Native American chief defeated by William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe.

Tecumseh was the leader associated with the confederacy targeted at Tippecanoe. More precisely, Tecumseh was away recruiting allies, and his brother Tenskwatawa led Prophetstown when Harrison's forces attacked in 1811.

Chapter 8 - Review 16: Explain the causes of the War of 1812.

Major causes included British impressment of sailors, seizure of American ships, restrictions on neutral trade, and British support for Native resistance in the Northwest. War Hawks also invoked national honor, defense of republican independence, and possible expansion into Canada.

Chapter 8 - Review 17: Name the United States disadvantages on entering the War of 1812.

The United States had a small regular army, unreliable and poorly trained militia, a tiny navy, weak finances, no functioning national bank, inadequate supplies and roads, inexperienced commanders, and serious New England opposition to the war.

Chapter 8 - Review 18: Discuss the Canadian, Chesapeake, and New Orleans campaigns of the War of 1812.

American invasions of Canada mostly failed, although naval victories on the Great Lakes and the Battle of the Thames improved the American position and resulted in Tecumseh's death. In the Chesapeake, British forces burned Washington in 1814 but failed to take Baltimore and Fort McHenry. At New Orleans, Andrew Jackson decisively defeated the British in January 1815 after the peace treaty had been signed but before news arrived.

Chapter 8 - Review 19: Describe the demands of the Hartford Convention.

New England Federalists proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote for embargoes, declarations of war, and admission of new states; limiting presidents to one term; preventing consecutive presidents from the same state; and restricting naturalized citizens from federal office. They also demanded federal protection or reimbursement for New England's defense, while some delegates discussed secession.

Chapter 8 - Review 20: Explain the results of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

The treaty ended the war and restored conquered territory and relations largely to their prewar condition. It did not resolve impressment or neutral shipping rights, but the end of European war made those issues less urgent; Americans celebrated the outcome as a victory, nationalism increased, Native resistance weakened, and the Federalist Party was discredited.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Battle of New Orleans

The January 1815 battle in which Andrew Jackson's forces decisively defeated a British army attempting to seize New Orleans. It occurred after the Treaty of Ghent was signed but before news reached the armies.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Embargo Act

Jefferson's 1807 law prohibiting American foreign commerce in an effort to pressure Britain and France. It severely harmed the American economy and encouraged widespread evasion.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Hartford Convention

The 1814-1815 meeting of New England Federalists that protested the War of 1812 and proposed constitutional amendments limiting federal and southern political power.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Judicial Review

The Supreme Court's authority to determine whether laws or government actions conform to the Constitution.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 American acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. It secured the Mississippi River and New Orleans and approximately doubled the nation's territory.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 Supreme Court decision that denied Marbury's requested writ but declared part of a federal law unconstitutional, establishing judicial review.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who built a broad Native confederacy to resist American land expansion and allied with Britain during the War of 1812 before dying at the Battle of the Thames.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: War Hawks

Young congressional nationalists, mainly from the South and West, who called for war with Britain to defend national honor, maritime rights, and western security.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: War of 1812

The 1812-1815 war between the United States and Britain caused by maritime violations, impressment, British support for Native resistance, and disputes over national honor and expansion.

Chapter 8 - Key Term: Lewis and Clark Expedition

The 1804-1806 Corps of Discovery expedition commissioned by Jefferson to gather scientific, geographic, diplomatic, and military information about the lands west of the Mississippi.