Ch. 12 - Respiratory system

-pnea

breathing

orth/o

straight

-ptysis

spitting

cyan/o

blue

pulmon/o

lung

mediastin/o

mediastinum

capn/o

carbon dioxide

phren/o

diaphragm; mind

pneum/o

lung; air

bronchi/o

bronchial tube

pector/o

chest

pharyng/o

throat; pharynx

nas/o

nose

coni/o

dust

alveol/o

alveolus

rhin/o

nose

tonsill/o

tonsil

pneumon/o

lung; air

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

anthrac/o

coal

bronch/o

bronchus

spir/o

to breathe

thorac/o

chest

asbest/o

asbestos

pleur/o

pleura

adenoid hypertrophy

increased development

adenoidectomy

removal of the adenoids

adenoids

small masses of lymphatic tissue in the throat, close to the nasal (nose) passageway

alveolar

pertaining to an alveolus

alveolus (pl. alveoli)

an individualized section of an air sac in the lung

anosmia

loss of the sense of smell

anthracosis

abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs; black lung disease

apex of the lung

uppermost portion of the lung

apical

pertaining to the tip of an organ

apnea

without breathing

asbestosis

abnormal condition of asbestos fiber particles in the lungs

asphyxia

deficient oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

asthma

chronic inflammation disorder, characterized by airway obstruction and caused by bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production

atelectasis

collapsed lung

auscultation

listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope

bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria that are the cause of tuberculosis

base of the lung

the lower portion of the lung

bronchial alveolar lavage

irrigation or washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope and then removing it to analyze the contents

bronchiectasis

abnormal widening bronchial tubes

bronchioles

small bronchial tubes

bronchiolitis

inflammation of a bronchiole

bronchodilator

agent that dilates (widens) blood vessels and relieves bronchospasm

bronchoscopy

visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope

bronchospasm

involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to narrowing of the bronchi

bronchus

branch of the trachea that leads toward the air sacs of the lung

carbon dioxide

gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen and food combine

chest tomograms

series of x-ray images that reveal the chest in-depth (layers or sections of the lung)

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long period of time

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

lung and bronchial tube conditions that block and damage airways and persist over a long period of time. examples are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

cillia

thin hairs that line the nasal passageways and tubes of the respiratory tract

computed tomography of the chest

computer generated x-ray images showing thoracic structures in cross-section

cor pulmonale

enlargement of the right side of the heart due to lung disease

croup

acute viral infection in infants and children; characterized by barking cough, obstruction of the larynx and stridor (strained, high

cyanosis

abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin

cystic fibrosis

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in mucous secretion that do drain normally

diaphragm

muscle that separates the chest and abdomen; aids breathing

diphtheria

acute infection of the throat caused by diphtheria bacteria; characterized by formation of a thick membrane that obstructs the throat and breathing

dysphonia

abnormal voice or sound produced by speaking

dyspnea

difficult breathing

emphysema

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

empyema

pus in the pleural space (cavity) surrounding the lungs

endotracheal intubation

tube is placed through the mouth and throat into the trachea to establish an airway

epiglottis

thin piece of cartilage that covers the entrance to the voice box and windpipe when a person is swallowing

epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottis

epistaxis

nosebleed

expectoration

coughing up of mucus or sputum from the throat and respiratory tract

expiration

process of breathing out or exhalation

exudate

fluid, cells, or other substances that slowly leave cells or capillaries through pores or breaks in cell membranes

glottis

slit-like opening between the vocal folds of the larynx

hemoptysis

spitting up blood from the respiratory tract

hemothorax

blood in the chest (pleural cavity) surrounding the lungs

hilar

pertaining to the hilum

hilum of the lung

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

hydrothorax

water or fluid that accumulates in the pleural space surrounding the lungs

hypercapnia

increased levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

hyperpnea

increase in breathing rate

hypoxia

deficiency of oxygen in tissues

infiltrate

fluid-filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan

inspiration

act of breathing in or inhalation

laryngeal

pertaining to the larynx or voice box

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx or voice box

laryngoscopy

endoscopic visual examination of the larynx

laryngospasm

involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding the voice box

larynx

the voice box

lobectomy

removal of a lobe or section of an organ, such as the lung

lung biopsy

surgical removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination of cells

lung cancer

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchial tubes

magnetic resonance imaging of the chest

magnetic waves are used to produce images of the chest in all three planes of the body

mediastinoscopy

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum

mediastinum

part of the thoracic (chest) cavity between the lungs

mesothelioma

rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with asbestos exposure

nasogastric intubation

placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach

obstructive lung disease

narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing. examples are asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, and cystic fibrosis