Pharm 1 E1

intro, uveitis / ret cases, drug safety, pharmcokinetics, pharmcodynamics

pharmacology

rational use of effective agents in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

drug

Any substance that affects living processes

plants, chemical substance from plant

What are examples of what drugs are synthesized from?

biological agents

substances made from a living organism

bacteria, fungi (from living organism)

What are examples of biological agents?

pharmoacokinetics

what the body does to the drug, determines the drug concentration at site of action

ADME; absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

What is the pneumonic for pharmacokinetics and what does it stand for?

pharmacodynamics (has target, but can effect other organs that have similar receptors)

what the drug does to the body

therapeutics

use of a drug for diagnosis, prevention and/or treatment of a disease state or to alter a normal physiologic state (replacement of a missing substance at a normal level, drug levels above the normal levels seen in the body)

toxicology

study of harmful chemical with biological systems

environmental, forensic, industrial

What are the three divisions of toxicology?

plants (drugs), minerals, microbiological (biologics), animal

What are the four natural drug sources?

salicin

One of the natural drug sources is plants, with some examples being weeping willow and atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). What does weeping willow contain?

aspirin, helps with fever and illnesses

One of the natural drug sources is plants, with some examples being weeping willow and atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Weeping willow contains salicin. What drug is this comparable to? What are its effects?

alkaloids

One of the natural drug sources is plants, with some examples being weeping willow and atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Weeping willow contains salicin. What does atropa belladona contain?

atropine and scopolamine, would dilate eyes

One of the natural drug sources is plants, with some examples being weeping willow and atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade). Atropa belladonna contains alkaloids What drug is this comparable to? What are its effects?

lithium

One of the natural drug sources is minerals. What is an example of a mineral previously used?

bipolar disease and gout (earlier)

One of the natural drug sources is minerals. What did lithium help treat?

fungi (mold), bacteria

One of the natural drug sources is microbial agents. What are two examples of microbiological agents?

penicillium, aspergillus

One of the natural drug sources is microbial agents, including fungi and bacteria. What are two examples of fungi used?

lovastatin

What drug is aspergillus terreus used to make?

high cholesterol

What is lovastatin used for?

streptomycin

One of the natural drug sources is microbial agents, including fungi and bacteria. What is an example of bacteria used?

tubercle bacillus (TB)

What disease is streptomycin used against?

insulin

One of the natural drug sources is animal sources. What is an example of an animal source used?

true

True of False: Insulin is classified as both biologics and a drug, since many of them are now manufactured.

bacteria or yeast using recombinant DNA

How is insulin manufactured?

False (insulin sourced from animals has a much shorter self-life)

True of False: Insulin sources from animals is more stable than insulin produces from biologic agents like bacteria and yeast.

True (more stable, ensures quality)

True or False: Aspirin, atropine, and lovastatin are now synthetically.

CAR T cell

What is the most common type of drugs for individual or specific action?

reroute a patient's T cells to attack cancer cells

How do CAR T cells drugs work?

can be deadly (any cancer treatment can lead to death)

What is the downside of CAR T cells?

generics/biosimilars

medications created to be the same as an already marketed brand-name drug

False (reach market much faster)

True or False: generics/ biosimilars reach the market much slower than brand-name drugs

true

True or False: Generics/biosimilars have the same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration as brand-name drug

generics are made from chemicals, biosimilars are made from living sources

Whats the difference between generic drugs and biosimilars?

tablets and capsules

What is the most common method for oral administration?

they are very stable

Why are capsules and tablets the most common oral administration used?

False (made for immediate and sustained release)

True or False: Tablets and capsules are made for immediate release only.

tablets

oral medication type that consists of active drug and inert ingredients that are compressed into a shape

any shape, round

Tables are round/any shape, pills are round/any shape.

pastilles

oral medication route that are made of a thick liquid and is meant to be chewed

troche

oral medication route that is meant to dissolve and are often used to treat mouth infections

capsules

oral medication route that are composed of hard or soft gelatin shells enclosing an active drug

powder, liquid

With capsules, hard capsules enclose a liquid/powdered drug, whereas soft capsules enclose a liquid/powdered drug.

solutions or suspensions

What medication route is formulated for an oral, parenteral or topical routes?

administered to those who cannot swallow pills (kids)

Why are solutions and suspensions used?

can be difficult to measure and accurate dose

What are the cons of using solutions and suspensions?

solutions

Solutions/suspensions are made up of small particles that do not settle out and transparent

suspensions

Solutions/suspensions are heterogenous made up of larger particles that settle out and opaque

true

True of False: Suspensions need to be shaken before use.

False (they are solutions, not suspensions)

True of False: Syrups are sweetened aqueous suspensions

tinctures

alcohol-based extracts

elixirs

sweetened alcohol-based extracts

solutions, suspensions

Steroid eye drops can either be ___________ or ____________ depending on formulation

ointments/creams

semisolid preparations of topical drug in a lipophilic vehicle designed to be stable and adhere to the tissue

lipophilic substances move best through the skin

Why do we want ointments and creams to be lipophilic?

lotions

liquid preparations often in oil base that are used to treat dermatological conditions

suppositories

solid preparations of drugs that melt at body temperature for local or systemic therapy

skin patches

drug slowly released from patch regulated via a rate-controlling membrane

effective at low dose, sufficient lipid solubility

What are the two characteristics skin patches need to be effective?

nitroglycerine, buprenorphine

What are the two examples of skin patches commonly used?

antianginal, prevents heart attacks

What is nitroglycerine used for?

opioid analgesic

What is buprenorphine used for?

aerosols

Oral administration route that is inhaled through the nose, absorbed by the nasal and pulmonary mucosa, to minimize respiratory side effects (by acting elsewhere)

butorphanol (opioid analgesic) and basquimi glucagon (gives glucose)

What are two examples of aerosols?

true

True of False: Dried herbs and extracts can potentially have contamination and be unstandardized

fast

Medicine lollipops are often used for slow/fast absorption

colds, cough, sour throat for kids

What can medicine lollipops help treat and what population?

enteral

route of drug administration that hits the GI tract

oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

What are the four enteral administration routes that are used to hit the GI tract?

parenteral

route of drug administration that hits outside the GI tract

Has less membranes to pass through

Why are parenteral administration route much faster than enteral?

needle, syringe, pump

What instruments are needed to deliver a drug parenterally?

intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and intrathecal

What are the four parenteral administration routes that are used to hit outside the GI tract?

transdermal

route of drug administration that uses patches on top of the skin to get the drug to travel systemically

Inhalation

Route of drug administration that uses aerosols

topical

Route of drug administration that uses a drug on the skin that stays local (rather than traveling systemically)

oral (by mouth, per os, PO)

enteral drug administration route that is convenient, relatively safe, and economical, but often has a difficult time getting to the site of action

has to pass metabolism (hepatic portal system), stomach impacts absorption (contents, pH)

Why does using an oral enteral drug administration route make it difficult to get to the site of action?

rectal

enteral drug administration route that partially bypasses the hepatic portal system, and is absorbed quickly into systemic circulation (depends on local blood flow)

irritation

Rectal enteral drug administration routes is best for drugs that do not have as much __________

rectal

If a child is having a difficult time with nausea and vomiting a drug, which enteral administration route should be used?

sublingual/buccal

enteral drug administration route that partially avoids the first pass effect by being absorbed into abundant blood vessels under the tongue or cheek

true

True or False: Sublingual/buccal enteral drug administration routes are almost as fast as IV

low

Sublingual/buccal enteral drug administration routes are best for drugs that are given in low/high doses

intravenous (IV)

Parenteral drug administration route that bypasses absorption to give an immediate effect with rapid titration of drug concentration, while also having a bioavailability of 100%

true

True or False: Intravenous parenteral administration routes have an increased risk for toxicity and is expensive.

intramuscular (IM)

Parenteral drug administration route that is a rapid absorption of solutions or slower absorption of suspensions and oily vehicles for a sustained absorption that can be painful and cause bleeding

subcutaneous

Parenteral drug administration route that is suitable for solutions, suspensions, and pellets.

false (SC has a lower absorption rate)

True or False: intramuscular (IM) injections has a slower absorption than subcutaneous (SC).

cannot

Subcutaneous as a parenteral drug administration route can/cannot be used for irritating solution or large volumes.

hyaluronidase

Subcutaneous as a parenteral drug administration route cannot be used for irritating solution or large volumes. However, __________ is allowed for larger volumes

intrathecal

Parenteral drug administration route that involves injections into the subarachnoid space

transdermal

drug administration route that uses an application of a patch or ointment to the skin, bypasses first pass metabolism, effective at low dosages, has highly lipophilic compounds, and releases drug for 1-7 days

first pass metabolism

The transdermal route for drug administration bypasses what process?

False (VERY effective at low dosages)

True of False: The transdermal route of drug administration is not effective at low doses.

lipophilic

What type of compounds does transdermal routes of drug administration use to pass through the skin barrier?

1-7 days

How long does the transdermal route of drug administration release the drug?

lungs

The inhalation route of drug administration is absorbed directly into the _______, so rapid systemic absorption.