Midterm 3 Study Guide - Fermentation, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to fermentation, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, DNA technology, and genetics as discussed in the lecture notes.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that occurs without oxygen, producing ATP through glycolysis and regenerating NAD+.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen and is more efficient than fermentation.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation in which NADH donates electrons to pyruvate, forming lactate.

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation performed by yeast where pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Damaging molecules produced during cellular respiration when oxygen reacts with electrons.

Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contains structures like thylakoids and stroma.

Photosynthetic Pigments

Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light for photosynthesis, primarily chlorophyll and carotenoids.

Calvin Cycle

The set of light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into carbohydrates.

CRISPR/Cas9

A gene-editing technology that allows for precise alterations of DNA sequences in organisms.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Oncogenes

Mutated proto-oncogenes that contribute to cancer when they become permanently activated.

Photorespiration

An inefficient process where oxygen is fixed instead of carbon dioxide, leading to energy use and carbon dioxide release.

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genetic outcome of a cross between two individuals, based on their alleles.

Diploid

A cell with two sets of chromosomes, typical of most human body cells.

Haploid

A cell with one set of chromosomes, such as sperm or egg cells in humans.

Transgenic Organisms

Organisms that contain recombinant DNA, typically involving genes from different species.

Gene Therapy

A technique that aims to treat or prevent disease by introducing healthy genes into cells with faulty genes.

Meiosis

A specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.

Allele

A variant form of a gene that can result in different traits.

Genome

The complete set of genetic material in an organism.

C4 Plants

Plants that fix carbon dioxide into a 4-carbon compound to reduce photorespiration, separating the process spatially from the Calvin cycle.

CAM Plants

Plants that fix carbon dioxide at night to minimize water loss, using the Calvin cycle in the daytime.

Gene Drive

A genetic engineering technology that increases the inheritance of a particular gene or genes to increase its prevalence in a population.