unit 5 imperialism

yoruba

groups of ancient cultures linked by common language and belief system

igbo

one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, one of the 3 largest majority groups in current day Nigeria. not very centralized but shared similar languages and culture, including government systems (mainly democratic councils/elder councils) and religion

hausa-fulani

one of the major 3 ethnic groups in northern nigeria

imperialism

policy of cultural, economic, or political influence over other societies

colonialism

aquisition and exploitation of territory by a foreign power for its own economic and political benefit

scramble for africa

period where European countries rushed into African in competition for natural resources and claims of colonial land

berlin conference

Berlin, Germany (1884-1885)- official attempt to establish guidelines and borders for colonizing Africa, but no African leaders were invited to this conference

indirect rule

system of governance used by the British in Nigeria that relied on existing indigenous and local leaders to carry out laws and leaders from British imperial authorities colonial rule

colony

country or area under the control of another political party or country, usually a distant one, that is occupied by settlers from that country

lagos colony

colony in Africa that was controlled by the British located at the port of Lagos in southern Nigeria

protectorate

a state that is controlled and protected by another

qing dynasty

dynasty that led China during a chaotic interaction with western countries during imperialism. the manchu became the leaders of this dynasty, collapsed in 1912

manchu

foreign (non-chinese) group of people who became the leaders of the qing dynasty

queue

required manchu hairstyle for men so rebels and enemies were easy to spot. during rebellions many men cut theirs off as a protest

tributary system

Chinese system for managing foreign trade where China would receive large gifts and tributes from other countries in exchange for rights to trade within and maintain contact with China. Rulers of foreign lands would demonstrate subservience to China’s Emperor for these privileges

emperor kangxi

(1661-1722) emperor known for blending the manchu and Chinese culture during his rule (kept some manchu values but also emphasized confucian values), favored scholars, reduced money and labor demands, established southern inspection tours, and promoted overall stability and prosperity

emperor qianlong

(1711-1799) “High Qing”; grandson of Kangxi and continues his success: kept economy strong and growing, managed relationship with western traders, promoted prosperity through population growth, money, and land expansion.

(china, however, was not modernizing BUT everyone wanted to trade with them bc on the outside it looked like they were thriving)

celestial teachings

christian missionaries that the Chinese rejected

jesuit missionaries

christian missionaries that the portuguese brought to China. they value education and respect confucianism and bring useful gifts to the Chinese

matteo ricci

italian jesuit who gained favor with Chinese by writing journals praising Chinese culture and conforming Christian values to adapt to confucian ideas

hongs

Chinese specialized merchants during the canton trade system who had trade privileges in the merchant districts of Canton

canton trade system

system that limits foreign trade to one port (Canton- Guangzhou) foreigners can only trade with hongs

opium wars

begins after commissioner lin bans the sale and trade of opium, britain attacks canton

british east india company

trades tea, silk, and porcelain but china only wants silver so must pay in silver. trades the opium that grows in their indian colony to have an advantage over china

treaty of nanjing

China was forced to sign this treaty after losing the first opium war. conditions include British gaining a port at hong king and china must pay a lot of money to the British government, British gains access to 5 new Chinese ports, extraterritoriality for British citizens living in the ports, “most favored nation” for British

extraterritoriality

British person in China follow British law, not China

trade imbalance

imbalance between a country’s savings and investment rates

commissioner Lin Tse Hsu

chinese official during the qing, destroyed british opium ships. essentially “started” the opium wars bc he tried to end the smuggling opium into china

ambassador MacCartney

appointed the first envoy of britain in china. maccartney mission was first british diplomatic mission to china, demanded ports

hong kong

where nanjing treaty demanded port

self-strengthening movement

Chinese movement where military and economic reforms were adopted by the Chinese

boxer rebellion

(1851-1860) anti-western rebellion against anything foreign with secret support from empress cixi. led to the destruction of western areas of Beijing, western forces invaded Beijing to stop settlement and led empress cixi to advocate for real reform

taiping rebellion

(1898-1900) anti-manchu uprising started by Chinese christian movements that outlawed opium, alcohol, slavery, and footbinding. promised more egalitarian economy and end of manch rule. Qing government eventually ended the uprising with the help from western powers

shinto

the way of the kami, religion of the Japanese. has no founder, no scripture, no religious philosophy or moral code

kami

nature gods that the Japanese believed in, shinto is based around them

amaterasu

main deity of shinto, sun goddess

land of the rising sun

nickname for Japan- far east, first to see the sun rise. red circle on Japan flag represents the sun

samurai

4th in Japan hierarchy, warriors who rose to power during the 12th century. strength and morals come from group loyalty and dicipline

bushido

“way of the warrior”, similar to chivalry

seppuku

formal suicide for samurai. samurai would rather die through ritual suicide than surrender

daimyo

3rd in Japan hierarchy. nobles who are granted land by the shogun

shogun

military government in japan

shogunate

hereditary dictatorship of japan, appointed by the emperor

tokugawa ieyasu

begins tokugawa shogunate by taking control of the council of elders during a key battle

tokugawa shogunate

shogunate (1600-1868) that focused on order and peace in china. began at the same time european colonists came to the U.S. brought 250 years of peace and order that prepared japan for the modern era. started by tokugawa ieyasu

edo

present day Tokyo, becomes capital for tokugawa shogunate

sakoku

closed country

“blue-eyed devils”

nickname the Japanese gave the americans when they invaded to open ports for trade

sino japanese war

(1894-1895) Japan becomes imperialist towards China, tries to take over Korea and China. Japan wins which shows superiority in Asia

russo japanese war

(1904-1905) defeat russia for manchuria, gives them respect as a major world power

treaty of kanagawa

commodore matthew perry captured kanagawa and japan is forced to sign this treaty: opened 2 japanese ports to americans and gave them trade rights to japan, western countries bring their navies to force treaties and access to japanese ports, japan break sakoku and open country to trade

commodore matthew perry

commander that was sent by president millard filmore to Japan to seek new markets for U.S. goods

“tangu perry”

nickname given to commodore perry by the Japanese, they described him as a goblin

millard filmore

president who sent commodore matthew perry to open up new markets in Japan to U.S. goods

meiji restoration

era of rapid industrialization and political, social, and economic change in Japan. uprisings occurred after american arrival, tokugawa forces lost leading to the emperor’s restoration in power

goals of meiji government

develop military and economic power to protect Japan from further foreign threat, repeal the unequal treaties with foreign nations , join the community of nations as an equal member

achievements of meiji restoration

created centralized government with a constitution and elected parliament

modernized infrastructure, transportation, communication systems'

highly educated population

removal of class structure

ending unequal treaties and extraterritoriality

alliance with great britain

aggressive, modern western military

defeat of both china and russia at war