Egypt and iron age

Ramses III

Considered the last of the great pharaohs, built a lot of stuff and not as high quality as Ramses II, known for his conflict with the seapeople. Tried to emulate Ramses II

Merneptah

Raided Jersulum and Solomans temple, father was Ramses II, (first mention of Isrealites?)

Ramses II

responsible for the world's first written peace treaty with the Hittites, Considered greatest pharaoh at this time, Famous for battle of Qadesh, and known as a prolific builder (built temples including Ranasium and statues)

Tutankhamun

famous for his untouched tomb

Akhenaten

Best known for being considered the ruler to introduce monotheism to the world

Thutmose III

replaces peace with war: 19 campaigns in 17 years.

Attempts to wipe out everything Hashepsut had done because he was jealous of the time on the throne he thought he should have had. Defeats mighty man of nubia

PEPI II

Longest ruling monarch in world history at 94 years! Was either 4 or 6 when he got the throne 102 yrs old when he died. Sent traders to Nubia.

Sneferu

Had Red Pyramid the first smooth sided pyramid built for him

Djoser

wanted new type of tomb built so he had the Step Pyramid which replaced the mastaba type tombs

Khufu

He is responsible for the Great Pyramids

Hatshepsut

longest reigning female in Egyptian history, Quality leader did a good job. 22 yr reign of peace.

Ahmose

Pharaoh new kingdom began with, the pharaoh who drives the Hyksos out of Egypt.

Imhotep

Not pharaoh, architect/vizier who helped build step pyramids

Isis

Chief goddess in Egyptian religion. Red disk. Osiris mate.

Osiris

God of the dead and Isis mate. Portrayed in green because he is the vegetation god.

Horus

God of kingship. King of the living.

Maat

Justice, order, truth. What the ka was measured against to determine if you went on to the afterlife or not.

ka

The soul of the dead in egyption culture

book of the dead

a collection of magical spells, hymns, and instructions written on papyrus scrolls and buried with the dead to help them navigate the underworld and reach paradise

Lower Egypt

bee/cobra north

Upper Egypt

reed/vulture south

Shepherds crook

represent protector and provider

Flail

is for punishment=represents as task master or judge

hieratic

Short, informal handwritten form of Egyptian writing. Usually used in paper form and not on stone.

Rosetta Stone

a stone with 3 different languages on it leading to the deciphering of the hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek. Same message in all 3 languages: “Khufu was the Old Kingdom pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid” Egyptian

Menes/Narmar

considered the unifier of Egypt

Old Kingdom

It is the time of pyramid building in Egypt. Pharaohs are considered gods and worshipped.

The Middle Kingdom

Many building projects were completed during this time, including large scale drainage and irrigation projects used to create new farmland. People's view shifted to the pharaoh as a provider and protector particularly for food and safety.

Hyksos

brought chariots to egypt, pastorolus, Groups of people who rely on meat and milk for their food productionSettled in lower egypt bc they needed water for their animals. Adopted Egyptian customs, and way of life, but were still outsiders. EX = Adopted Seth, the god of evil, as their favorite god. Only conquered parts of Egypt along the Nile River. Eventually they were driven out and the New Kingdom began.

The Second Intermediate Period

identified with people known as the Hyksos who introduced horses and chariot warfare to Egypt.

the First Intermediate Period

The Nile floods ceased, famine caused by droughts, civil wars against a weakened throne, and outside invaders caused a period of chaos. Attacked from the inside and the out. The Egyptians ran out of money from making the pyramids since were expensive and bc middle class made them.

THE NEW KINGDOM

PHAROAH IS STILL A GOD BUT NOW A PROTECTOR AND A MILITARY LEADER, Things are now built for the benifit of the people built temples and other things, Also expansion was happening hyscos driven out

The 3rd Intermediate Period

North and South Egypt split 2 pharaohs. Moved capital likely bc Nile river shifted and they needed trade. End of bronze age enter iron age. time of political chaos. The high priests of Amon establish their rule over Upper Egypt. In Lower Egypt merchant prince establish their own dynasty. Power of pharaoh declines

Nebuchadnezzar II

Rebuilt city of babylon, Gate of Ishtar, Built a new ziggurat (sometimes called tower of babble not from bible), Borrowed from the Assyrians transplanted conquered ppl (THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY) conquest and deportation like Assyrians

Cyrus II

successfully rebels against the Medians, leading to the creation of the Persian Empire, he defeated Croesus and the Lydians and the Babylonians, well known bc he is a liberator not a conqueror, “Founder of the Persian Empire”.

Nabonidus

the last king of the Babylonian Empire, defeated by the Persian Cyrus II,

Cyrus cylinder

object used to repeat stories with a cylinder from Persia.

diaspora

movement of people of similar ethnic/national heritage away from their homeland

Cambyses II

The son of Cyrus II, continued in his father’s steps of warfare, conquering Egypt under Psamtik III amd expanding the Persian Empire (in egypt)

Darius I

kills cambyses A cousin of Cyrus II and Cambyses, he overcame nine (9) other claimants to the Persian throne, Considered the 2nd founder of Persian Empire (after Cyrus II), he builds much of the empire’s infrastructure. Eyes and ears of the king and satraps/satrapies. Built Royal audience hall

Satrapies

the provinces or territories governed by a satrap in the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires

Satraps

3 main responsibilities in the persian empire: 1. Collect taxes, 2, recruit new soldiers, and 3. Administrate justice. a governor of a province in the ancient Persian Empire.

Eyes and ears of the king

Military officials and special inspectors called that traveled throoughout realm to visit and check on the satraps. From Persia

Royal Road

connected the satraps to each other in Persia. for communication and trade

Croesus

Lydian king, INTRODUCED COINAGE TO THE WORLD

Zoroastrianism

(the primary religion of the Persian Empire) is not a monotheistic religion, it is more properly called dualism; the religion centers on concepts of maintaining a balance of good and evil. is also sometimes called Mazdaism.

Zoroaster

the founder of the Persian religion, Zoroastrianism. not a deity figure, but considered more along the lines of a prophet. Prophet

Ahuramazda

hief god of Zoroastrianism (not the only god, but one of the two major ones). the god of light, good, and arta. counterbalanced by the god Ahriman.

Arta

Close to the Egyptian concept of maat, stood for truth, justice and order, is an essential aspect of the Zoroastrian religion of Persia; rulers have an obligation to rule according to this god. How everyone should live while alive.

Ahriman

The secondary god of Zoroastrianism (not the only god, but one of the two major ones). the god of dark, chaos, and evil, he is counterbalanced by the god Ahuramazda.

The Tale of Sinuhe

Egyptian folk tale, their Epic Of Gilgamesh

Seti I

a prolific builder and is considered to have the best-preserved mummy ever found

battle of Kadesh (Qadesh)

the first battle in history in which we have accounts from both sides. They both claimed victory

The battle of carchemish

a decisive battle fought in 605 BC between the remnants of Assyria and their Egyptian mercenary allies led by the king Necho II and the Neo-Babylonia coalition led be Nanopolassar and his son Nebuchadnezzar II. AFTER BATTLE IS THE END OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.