Midterm Switches and Routers Ch 6-8

What is stored in NVRAM on a Cisco router?

The startup configuration file (saved configuration)

What is stored in Flash memory?

The Cisco IOS image (operating system)

What is stored in RAM?

The running configuration and routing tables (temporary data lost on reboot)

What is the difference between the running configuration and the startup configuration?

The running config is active in RAM; the startup config is saved in NVRAM and loads at boot

What command saves the running configuration to make it permanent?

copy running-config startup-config

What does it mean when an administrator has an interface down?

The interface is administratively shut down

Which command brings an interface up (makes it active)?

interface followed by no shutdown

What is setup mode and why does the router enter it?

Setup mode is an interactive configuration mode entered when no startup configuration is found

What is the test sequence called when you power on a router?

POST (Power-On Self Test)

Which commands show the status of an interface at Layers 1, 2, and 3?

show interfaces (L1/L2) and show ip interface (L3)

What does "Serial1 is down, line protocol is down" mean?

Physical and data link layers are both down (hardware or cable issue)

What does "Serial1 is up, line protocol is up" mean?

Interface is working properly (both physical and data link layers operational)

What’s the difference between using ping and traceroute on a router vs a PC?

On a router, it tests from the router; on a PC, it tests from the host. Both test connectivity but from different sources.

What does the configuration register do?

Controls how the router boots (from Flash, ROM, or NVRAM)

What is the default configuration register value?

0x2102

What are the general commands to copy or restore configurations or IOS images?

copy running-config startup-config, copy flash tftp, copy tftp flash, copy tftp startup-config

What does the show flash command display?

The contents of Flash memory (IOS image files)

Which command shows the IOS version?

show version

What do these commands display? show version, show flash, show memory, show buffers

show version – IOS version & uptime; show flash – Flash contents; show memory – memory usage; show buffers – buffer stats

What are the requirements for using TFTP with copy flash tftp or copy startup-config tftp?

A reachable TFTP server, correct IP connectivity, and enough storage space on the server

What is the difference between in-band and out-of-band management?

In-band uses the network interface (needs IP); out-of-band uses a console or AUX port

What does CLI stand for?

Command Line Interface

What must be done when connecting a laptop to a router’s Ethernet port to restore IOS or configuration?

Assign IP addresses on both devices, connect via crossover cable (if needed), and run a TFTP server