Exam 2 Study Guide

leukocytes

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells

neutrophils

granulocyte, first responders that do phagocytosis

basophils

granulocytes, function in inflammatory events and allergy

eosinophils

granulocytes, in parasitic infections, allergy and inflammation

monocyte

agranulocyte, phagocytes

lymphocyte

agranulocyte, primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter

mast cells

tissue cells that trigger local inflammatory reaction and allergic reactions, nonmotile, affinity for IgE, release chemical mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes.

what fo cytokines and other mediators activate

endothelial cells at the site of inflammation

histamine produced by

mast cells and basophils

histamine causes

vasodilation and mucus production

serotonin causes

smooth muscle contraction and increases vascular permeabilty

prostaglandins produced by

most body cells

leukotrienes stimulates

contraction of smooth muscle and enhances vascular permeability

what do leukotrienes do

constrict airways

platelets activation factor are released by

basophils

platelet activating factor cause

aggregation of platelets and release of other other chemical mediators during allergic reactions

acute respiratory distress cells

neutrophils

asthma cells

eosinophils and IgE

glomerulonephritis cells

antibodies, complement, neutrophils, and monocytes that damage the glomeruli in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and impaired kidney function.

Inflammation (1)

recognition of the noxious agent that is the initiating stimulus for inflammation (recognized by cellular receptors and circulating proteins)

Inflammation (2)

recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins into the tissues

Inflammation (3)

removal of the stimulus for inflammation by phagocytic cells

Inflammation (4)

regulation of the response is important to terminating the reaction when it has accomplished its prpose

inflammation (5)

repair heals the damage

where are t cells produced

in the bone marrow

where are t cells processed and matured

in the thymus

where are B cells processed, produced and matured

in the bone marrow

plasma cells

formed when certain blood components move out of the blood vessels into extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries

cell mediated immunity

does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions and is mediated by T cells, marcophages and the release of cytokines in response to antigens

B cells

a type of lymphocyte which differentiates into plasma cells

plasma cells

are specialized fro antibody (immunoglobulin) production

antibodies function in

neutralizing pathogens, opsonization, and complement activation

gamma globulin

bloof fraction that is rich in antibodies (serum)

IgG

most abundant in serum (not blood)

what does IgG provide

secondary response but long-term immunity

which is the only antibody that crosses the placenta to the baby

IgG

What does IgG protect against

Circulating bacteria and viruses

IgA

abundant in mucosal membranes and body secretions (not serum)

Where is IgA found

respiratory, gut, breast milk

what does IgA prevent

the attachment of pathogens

IgM

first antibody produced in an immune response but is short lived

what is IgM made by

B cells and plasma cells and is rarely secreted

what is the first antibody formed by fetus

IgM

what does IgE have an affinity to

Mast cells and basophils

what is IgE involved in

allergic reactions and parasitic infections

IgD

found on mature B cells; function not well understood

lymphokines

subset of cytokines produced by T cells to regulate the immune response

what do helper T cells (CD4) secrete

lymphokines to activate B cells, macrophages, and other immune cells

Il-2

primary growth factor from T cells (stimulator of the immune response)

IL-4

stimulus for the development of B cells anf production of antibodies

interferon

small protein produced by WBC and tissue cells, used in therapy against certain viral infections and cancer

Mannan-Binding Lectin Pathway

initiated by the binding of the mannan binding lectin to mannose residues on the surface of pathogens, leading to complement activation and immune response.

chemical mediators for type 1

histamine, leukotriene, prostaglandins, bradykinin

what does IgE bind with in Type 1

mast cells and basophils

what does sensitization involved in in type 1

the production of IgE antibodies that bind to allergens, leading to an increased sensitivity and allergic response upon subsequent exposures.

type 2/cytotoxic cause

antibodies directed against target antigens on the surface of cells or other tissue components leading to cell destruction or dysfunction.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn is what type of hypersensitivity

type 2

desensitizing does

A small, controlled amount of an allergen or drug administered to a patient to gradually reduce their sensitivity or allergic reaction to it (allergen immunotherapy)

degranulation (1)

IgE first binds to the mast cell

Degranulation (2)

antigen binds to IgE/antibody

serum sickness

delayed type reaction that occurs when the body’s immune system reactors to foreign proteins, such as those found in medications, vaccines, etc

arthus reactions

localized adverse reaction to a vaccine

when does hypersensitivity occur

when the antigen antibody complexes persist of are continuously fprmed

type IV hypersensitivity reaction

cell mediated (t cells), delayed reaction involving tissue damage and inflammation.

phagocytosis

recognize, attach and engulf

autoimmune diseases occur when

individuals become hypersensitive to specific antigens on cells or tissures of their own body, leading to tissue damage and dysfunction.

SLE hallmark

generation of antibodies to dsDNA and butterfuly rash for some

what does Hashimoto thyroididtis lead to

underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)

selective IgA deficiency

most common primary mmunodeficiency syndrome, most patients are asymptomatic but may experience increased infections.

Selective IgA characterized by

the absence or very low levels of immunoglobulin

immunodeficiency

diseases arise from an absence of active lymphocytes or phagocytes

x-linked agammaglobulinemia

occurs in babies, humoral immunodeficiency

x-linked agammaglobulinemia hallmark

loss of function of tyrosine kinase protein bruton tyrosine kinase

MCH Class 1 antigens

fight virus infected cells and transplant

MCH Class 2 antigens

fight exogenous antigens that have been processed by antigen presenting cells. important in organ rejection

Severe combined immunodeficiency

profound defects in both cellular and humoral immunity, widespread infections after birth, respiratory failure and usually death after birth

film rise

biofilm growth gives rise to aignigicant population of bacteria

Lipopolysaccharides (Lipid A)

component of lipolysaccharide (LPS), a complex molecule found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Pneumonia bacteria

Legionella Pneumophilia

Toxic Shock bacteria

Staph aureus

Scalded skin syndrome bacteria

staphylococcus aureus bacteria, rare skin infection

food poisoning bacteria

salmonella, campylobacter, e.coli, clastridium botulinum, clostridium perfringes, listeria monocytogenes, staphyloccus aureus

meningitis bacteria

neisseria meningitidis

septic shock bacteria

staph aureus, strep pyogenus

meningoccemia bacteria

neisseria meningitdis

pneumoccal bacteria

streptococcus penumoniae

gas gangrene bacteria

clostridium perfringens

lyme bacteria

borrelia burgdorferi

cat stratch disease bacteria

bartonella henselae

ABO

most significant and immunogenic of all blood group systems and antigens, associated anti A and anti B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies (in plasma), have surface antigens

Type O

expresses neither A or B antigen so plasma contains anti a and b antibodies, can only recieve type O

type a

a glycoprotein on RBC surface, anti B circulating, recieve blood from type A and O

AB blood type

red cells have both glycoprotein A and B antigens, lack anti and b, universal recipient

acute inflammation onset

fast (minutes to hours)

acute inflammation cellular infiltrate

mainly neutrophils

acute inflammation tissue injury, fibrosis

mild and self limited

acute inflammation local and systemic signs

prominent

chronic inflammation onset

slow (days)

chronic inflammation cellular infiltrate

monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes

chronic inflammation tissue injury, fibrosis

maybe severe and progressive